Applications of Machine Learning

Applications of
Machine Learning
Hayim Makabee
July/2015
Predictive Analytics Expert

Main applications of Machine Learning, by type of problem:
1. Clustering
2. Classification
3. Recommendation
2
Applications of Machine Learning

Goal: Cluster observations into meaningful groups.
3
Clustering

• “How to group customers for targeted marketing purposes?”
• “Which neighborhoods in a country are most similar to each other?”
• “What groups of insurance policy holders have high claim costs?”
• “How to group the products in a store based on their attributes?”
• “How to group pictures based on their description?”
4
Examples of Clustering Applications

Goal: Predict class from observations.
5
Classification

• “Which category of products is most interesting to this customer?”
• “Is this movie a romantic comedy, documentary, or thriller?”
• “Is this review written by a customer or a robot?”
• “Will the customer buy this product?”
• “Is this email spam or not spam?”
6
Examples of Classification Applications

Goal: Personalized recommendation of items to users.
7
Recommendation

• “Which movies should be recommended to a user?”
• “If the user just listened to a song, which song would he like now?”
• “Which news articles are relevant for a user in a particular context?”
• “Which advertisements should be displayed for a user on a mobile app?”
• “Which products are frequently bought together?”
8
Examples of Recommendation Applications

In May 2015 Flickr released an automatic
image tagging capability that mistakenly
labeled a black man for an ape.
Soon afterwards, Google came up with a
photo labeling tool similar to Flickr, which
made similar mistakes. Black men were
tagged as gorillas.
A recent Carnegie Mellon University study
showed that Google displayed ads in a way
that discriminated based on the gender of
the user.
9
Failures of Machine Learning

10
ML Process
Feature
Engineering
Learning
(Training)
Evaluation
(Metrics)
Deployment
(Serving)

Derive new features from the initial data set:
1. Aggregations: Count, Sum, Min, Max, Avg, Std
2. Temporal: Elapsed time, Trends
3. Continuous to Categorical: Converting real values to enumerations.
4. Categorical to Binary: Converting enumerations to binary features.
5. Domain-specific derived features.
11
Feature Engineering

Question: How to evaluate the predictive accuracy of your model?
Answer: Partition the data set into Train and Test sets.
Train is like the “past” you learn from, and Test is like the “future” you predict.
13
Evaluation

14
Evaluation of Binary Classification

15
Binary Classification: Selecting the Threshold

Accuracy = (True Positive + True Negative) / Total Population
Precision = True Positive / (True Positive + False Positive)
Recall = True Positive / ( True Positive + False Negative)
Normally there is a trade-off between Precision & Recall.
Business decision: Precision vs. Recall.
16
Metrics: Accuracy, Precision and Recall

17
Questions? Comments? Concerns?

Applications of Machine Learning

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Applications of Machine Learning