statistics importance and scope of stats

EDU- 408 Educational Statistics
Week: 2
Topic No: 1
Topic: Importance and Scope of Statistics
Instructor Name: Dr. Azhar Ali
Sarhad University of Science and Information
Technology, Peshawar

1. Importance and Scope of Statistics
2. Application of Statistics in Educational
Research
3. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Sections

Importance of Statistics
 Importance for Administration
 Importance for Businessman or Industrialist
 Importance in Economics
 Importance for Politicians/ political fields
 Importance for Social Reformer/ Social Field
 Importance in the Field of Science and Research
 Importance for Banking
 Importance for Insurance Companies
 Importance in the field of Education
 Importance for Economic Planning

General Importance of statistics
Statistics is perhaps a subject that is used by everybody.
The following functions and uses of statistics in most
diverse fields serve to indicates its importance.
(1) Statistics assists in summarizing the larger sets of
data in a form that is easily understandable.
(2) Statistics assists in different design of laboratory and
field experiments as well as surveys.
(3) Statistics assists in a sound and effective planning in
any field of inquiry.
(4) statists assists in drawing general conclusions and
in making predictions of how much of a thing will
happen under given conditions.
(5) Statistical techniques being powerful tool for

analyzing numerical data, are used in almost every
branch of learning. In the biological and physical
sciences, Genetics, Agronomy, Anthropometry,
Astronomy, Physics , Geology, etc .are the main areas
where statistical techniques have been developed and
are increasingly used.
6. A businessman, an industrialist and a researcher all
employ statistical methods in their work. Rank,
insurance comparison and governments all have their
statistics departments.
7. A modern administrator whether a public or private
sector leans on statistical data to provide a factual basis
for decision.
8. A politician use statics to lend support and credence
to his arguments while elucidating the problems he
handles.

The social scientists uses statistical methods in various
areas of social economics life of a nation. It is some
time said that “a social scientists without an adequate
understanding of statistics, is often like the blind man
groping in a dark room for a black cat that is not here”.

Importance in the field of Education
1. It helps the teachers to provide the most exact type
of description
When we want to know about the student learning,
we administer test or observe then from the obtained
result of the test we describe about the students
performance. So statistics helps the teachers to give
an accurate description of the data.
EXAMPLE: A math’s teacher conduct a test of 10
marks, following are the obtained marks by the
students 2,3,4,4,4,5,5,8,8,9 . Description of data are
9= best performance (as it is highest score obtained)
2= worst performance (lowest obtained score) 5.2=
average performance of the class (mean)

.
2. Statistics makes the teachers definite and exact in
procedures and thinking.
Some time due to technical knowledge the teachers
become vague in describing students' performance but
statistics enable him to describe the performance by
using proper langue and symbols which make the
interpretation definite and exact.
3. It enable the teachers to summaries the results in
meaningful and convenient form.
Statistics give order to the data. It helps the teachers to
make data precise, meaningful and to express it in an
understandable and interpretable manner.

Example: O,1,1,2,2,2,3,4,5,6
SUMMARY : MEAN = 2.6
MEDIAN = 2
MODE = 2
RANGE = 6
4. It make the teacher to draw general conclusions
Statistics helps to draw conclusions as well as extracting
conclusions. Statistical steps also helps to say how much
faith should be placed in any conclusion and about how
for we may extend our generalization.

5. It help the teachers to predict the future performance
of the students.
Statistics enable the teachers to predict how much of a
thing will happen under conditions we know and have
measured. For example the teacher can predict probable
score of students in the final examination from his
entrance test score. But prediction may be correct due to
different factors. Statistical methods tell about how
much margin of error to allow in making predictions.
6. Statistics enable the teachers to analyze some of the
causal factors underling complex and otherwise be wil-
dering (confusing ) events

It is a common factors that behavioral outcome is a result
of numerous causal factors . The reason why a particular
students performs poor in a particular courser are varied
and many. So with the appropriate statistical methods we
can keep this extraneous variable constant and can
observe the cause of frailer of the students in a particular
course.
EXAMPLE : Students of class 9th obtained overall very
lowest result in chemistry subject. By the help of statistics
teacher become capable to find out the reason.
Behind this poor performance that is lack of
understanding as well as chemistry teacher become
failure to build interest in chemistry subject

SCOPE OF STATISTICS
Scope of Statistics
Statistics is indispensable to number of fields including.
1. Planning and development
2. Economics
3. Business
4. Psychology and education
5. Banking
6. State management
7. Astronomy
8. Medicine

Statistics and planning: Statistics in indispensable into
planning in the modern age which is term as " the age of
planning'. Almost all over the world the government are
re-storing to planning for economic development.
Statistics and economics:- Statistical data and technique
of statistical analysis have to immensely useful
involving economical problem. Such as wages price,
time series analysis and termed analysis.
Statistics and business :- Statistics is an irresponsible
tool of production control. Business executive are
relying more and more on statistical technique for
studying the much and desire of valued customers
Statistics and Modern science:

In medical science the statistical tools for collection and
incidence of diseases and result of application various
drugs and Medicines are of great importance
Statistics and Astronomy: It is another important branch
where statistical tools are widely used. Astronomy
measures the masses, size, distance, and densities of
heavenly bodies.
Errors are unavoidable while measuring various aspects
of this field. Statistical methods are used for making the
most probable measurements while doing different
calculations between heavenly bodies.

Application of Statistics in
education
Measurement and evaluation are essential part of teaching
learning process.
in this process we obtain score and then interpret these score in
order to conclude the performance of the students.
Statistics makes teachers to study these score objectively.
Hence statistics make the teaching learning process more
efficient and effective

Application of Statistics in
educational research
1. Statistics play a vital role in research . For example
statistics can used as in data
collection ,analysis ,interpretation , explanation and
presentation .Use of statistics will guide researchers in
research for proper characterization , summarization,
presentation and interpretation of the result of research.
2. It is important for researchers and also consumers of
research to understand statistics so that they can be
informed , evaluate the credibility and usefulness of
information , and make appropriate decisions

3. In educational research quantitative and qualitative
study have different objectives and the application in a
various ways.
Quantitative research concern with understanding
human behavior from the participant's perspective and
assumed a dynamic and negotiated reality while
qualitative research concern with discoursing facts
about social phenomena and assumes a fixed and
measurable reality.
In quantitative research data are collected through
participant's observation and interview and data analyze
by themes from description by researchers and the data
are reported in the language of researcher.

Conversely in the qualitative research data are collected
through measuring things and data analyze through
numerical comparisons and statistical inferences and the
data are reported through statistical analysis.
As we can see that statistical analysis mainly applies in
the quantitative research. This statistical analysis
include the use of mean, median, mode, standard
deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Chi square, correlation,
regression and many more. Have you come across these
words? You will learn more with these the application of
statistics in educational research.

Use of statistical information
The statistical information's are and can used for a
variety of reasons. Some of them are
1. To inform general public
2. To explain things that have happen
3. To justify a claim
4. To provide general comparisons
5. To predict the decision regarding future outcomes
6. To estimate the unknown quantities
7. To establish association between factors
Hence statistics is a subjects which is much more than
just numbers. It tell us what is done to with numbers.

The following example further explain that how
statistics may be used
Example: suppose you want to determine the best
teachers at university so how should we decide this?
This could be done by asking university students who
the best teachers is. To do so, we collect the data,
analyze the results and make the decision. Now variance
questions are:
1. Should we survey every student?
2. How will the survey we conducted?
3. How will the data be analyze?
4. How will the best teacher be determine? Etc.

Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics
Statistics as a subject, may be divided into Descriptive
statistics and inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics is that branch of statistic which
deals with concepts and methods concerned
summarization and description of the important aspects
of numerical data. This area of study consists of the
condensation of data, their graphical displays at the
computation of a few numerical studies that provide
information about the center of the data and indicate the
spread of the observations.

Inferential statistics deals with procedures for making
inferences about the characteristics that describe the large
group of data or the whole, called the population, from the
knowledge derived from technique and only a part of the data,
known as sample. This area includes the estimation of
population parameters and testing of statistical hypotheses.
This phase of statistics is based on probability theory as the
inferences are made on the basis of sample evidence, cannot be
absolutely certain.

Example for the comparison of Descriptive and
Inferential statistics:
S.No. Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics
1.
i) A cricket player wants to find his score
average for the last 20 games.
i) A cricket player wants to estimate
his chance of scoring based on his
current season average.
2.
ii) Aamir wants to describe the variation
in his four test scores in Statistics.
ii) Based on the first four test scores,
Aamir would like to predict the
variation in his final Statistics test
scores.
3.
iii) Mrs. Rashid wants to determine the
average weekly amount she spent on
groceries in the past 6 months.
iii) Based on last six months grocery
bills, Mrs. Rashid would like to
predict the average amount she will
spend on groceries for the upcoming
year.

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Statistical techniques are divided into two categories,
namely descriptive and inferential.
Descriptive statistics: Deals with the collection,
classification, summarization and presentation of data

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Applied Statistics:
It studies the application of statistical methods to specify
problems, this branch of statistics is applied in field of
biometry, demography, agriculture, education economics

Inferential statistics: Deals with conclusion drawn about a
population using the data of a sample taken from the
same population.
In inferential statistics predictions are made by taking any group of
data in which you are interested. It can be defined as a random
sample of data taken from a population to describe and make
inference about the population. Any group of data which includes
all the data you are interested is known as population. It basically
allows you to make predictions by taking a small sample instead of
working on whole population.

S.No. Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics
1.
It gives information about raw data
which describes the data in some
manner.
It makes inference about population
using data drawn from the
population.
2.
It helps in organizing, analyzing and to
present data in a meaningful manner.
It allows us to compare data, make
hypothesis and predictions.
3. It is used to describe a situation.
It is used to explain the chance of
occurrence of an event.
4.
It explain already known data and limited
to a sample or population having small
size.
It attempts to reach the conclusion
about the population.
5.
It can be achieved with the help of
charts, graphs, tables etc. It can be achieved by probability.
Difference between Descriptive and Inferential
statistics:

statistics importance and scope of stats

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