Design and Development of High Gain Patch Antenna Array for ISM Applications

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1099
Design and Development of High Gain Patch Antenna Array for ISM
Applications
Chandrahasa R. Salian1, Santhosh B.2, Sandeep Vedagarbham3
1M.Tech Student, DSCE, Bengaluru.
2Asst. Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru.
3Chief Technical Officer, Lambdoid Wireless Communication, Bengaluru.
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Abstract - Recently, the field of wireless communication is
the most widely researched area. Without knowing the
working and application of different varieties of antenna, the
wireless communication system is incomplete. Although there
are varieties of antenna, there are several of those which are
small in size, inexpensive, weighing less and are able to
provide similar performance at different frequenciesandsuch
kind of antennas are moreover preferred. Microstrip antenna
is one of the antenna which fulfills the above mentioned
criteria. Hence in this project, Microstrip stacked patch
antenna is designed as an array of 4X4 for 5 GHz frequency
band ISM and WLAN application. The design of the proposed
antenna is carried out using IE3D computer simulation
software which is a commercially available. In order to
observe VSWR and return loss of the prototype, the Signal
Hound USB-SA124B network analyzer is used.
Key Words: Microstrip patch antenna, stacked antenna,
bandwidth, gain, IE3D.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is carrying of
information or power from one communicating node to the
other and vice-versa. The most common wireless
technologies use radio waves. The key or the necessary
component of any wireless communication. Antennas are
connecting links between the transmitter and free space or
free space and the receiver. Antenna is used with a
transmitter at transmittingsideandreceiveratreceiverside.
At transmitter, antenna’s terminal will be provided by a
supply from radio transmitter. The supply provided to an
antenna will be an electric current. The applied current will
be having energy which an antenna radiates as EM wave
(radio waves). At receiver, the power from an EM waves or
radio waves are intercepted by antenna. This small amount
of received power is converted into very small voltage at
antenna’s terminal. This tiny voltage is then amplified by
applying to the receiver [1].
A microstrip patch antenna constructionissimplewhichhas
a material used between conducting patchandground plane
called as substrate. Substrate is a dielectric medium which
has its dielectric constant of particular value. The resonant
frequency and the substrate dielectric constant determines
the dimensions of this antenna.Microstrip antennas finds
many practical applications as it is more advantageous than
a conventional antenna. The important feature of this
antenna is its weight. As this antenna weighs less, this is
most commonly selected antenna for microwave frequency.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
The concept of microstrip patch antennas basically
originated in 1953. Printed antenna is the other name given
to microstrip antenna. The printed antenna or microstrip
antenna when designed as an array, Deschamps says that
one can feed this array with microstrip line feeding. A
microstrip patch antenna usually made up of three layers, a
conducting patch or radiating patch, substrate which will
have specific dielectric constant and a ground plane. The
construction appearslikea substrateissandwichedbetween
a conducting patch and a ground plane. This radiating patch
can either planar or non-planar in geometry on one side of
the dielectric substrate and a ground plane. These types of
antennas are used where only semi-hemispherical coverage
is required such as for narrow band links. These types of
microstrip patch antennas are popularly known as ‘printed
resonant antenna’. This papers also includes the different
feeding mechanisms used.Asthispaperdeal withtheoretical
survey and performance analysis of microstrip antenna, the
author says that microstrip antennas have evolved from
single patch can extend to complex multilayerconfiguration.
Microstrip antenna as a low profile antenna can meet the
needs of most electronic warfare (EW), communication and
surveillance applications [2].
The low profile Microstrip patch antenna usually operate at
frequency greater than 100 MHz. Because of its ease of
integration with MIC’s and for its microwave frequency
range it is more widely used in communication. This paper
provides detail description about designing a microstrip
rectangular patch antenna and development of the same for
wireless applications. There are various feeding techniques
for patch antenna, in this paper it was designed fortwowell-
known and widely used feeding techniques.Oneofthesetwo
is a microstrip line feed technique and the other is co-axial
probe feed technique. The proposed antenna has resonance
frequency (f0) at 4 GHz. Single element rectangular
microstrip antenna is designed and simulated used two
different feeding techniques mentioned earlier. The
author(s) says that both feeding techniques provides

simulated and measured results better match with each
other. It is also said that microstrip line feeding technique
has better Gain, bandwidth, directivity and return loss than
co-axial probe feeding technique.Aspartoffuturescope,this
single element patch can be placed with another patch of
same rectangular patch in series and using power divider
circuits to enhance gain, bandwidth and directivity [3].
Microstrip patch antenna is broadly used due to their
inherent advantages in wireless communication. But these
microstrip antennas suffers from the limitations suchaslow
bandwidth, less efficiency, low gain etc. These limitations
must be eliminated as it is the demanding factor in today’s
scenario. In this paper author has constructed microstrip
patch antenna of 2X2 array which results in enhancing
performance such as gain, directivity, efficiency and
bandwidth. The operating frequency is 2.4 GHz and the
simulation is done by utilizing IE3D computer simulation
tool. The single element patch is designed and the C slot is
introduced for improving bandwidth as C slotpatchantenna
is are configured into array. The material used is FR4. The
substrate thickness and itsdielectric constantis1.56mmand
4.4 respectively. Here author introduces slot into patch as a
result there is enhancement of bandwidthupto125MHz at -
18 dB return loss [4].
The attention for multiband antenna hasgrowndrasticallyin
last few years. To fulfill demand, multiband antennas have
been developed to achieve operations at different
frequencies by applying a single frequency as input over
several wireless services. The requirement is always been
the capability of an antenna that it should be operate at
different frequenciesforsimultaneousoperationsatmultiple
frequency bands. For multiband antennas it is desirablethat
these antennas should present wide band returns loss,
similar directivity at the operating frequencies and high
bandwidth. In order to integrate these antennas into small
devices it should possess compact size. Design and
simulation of antenna is done by using CST simulation
software. The material used is a metamaterial which
physically not existed but produced artificially. In thispaper
the author says that the designed antenna is meant to work
in L and S band. The antenna will work at two different
frequency by applying operating frequency of 2.92 GHz. The
dual band is 1.9 GHz and 2.5 GHz which is shifted from 2.92
GHz. This antenna minimizes the number of antennas used
also the size of antenna is minimized [5].
The author presents a 6X6 array aperture coupled
microstrip antenna. This antenna is designed to operate at
two different frequencies i.e. dual-band and also it is
designed to be work as dual-polarization antenna. Sincethis
is an array of 6X6 elements, it has 36 square microstrip
element as it is a multilayer structure. This antenna ismeant
to operate at two frequencies i.e. at 14 GHz and 35 GHz. By
feeding this antenna elements at two adjacent side with two
right-angled microstrip lines, this can be made to operate as
Dual polarization antenna. Same adjacent sides of each
elements are fed with microstrip line. The energy from the
microstrip feed line is aperture coupled to each square
antenna element through the slot. Two right-angled non-
overlapping slots are used oneachantenna to enablethe two
different polarization states. Asitisa multilayerantenna, the
upper layer patches are responsible for an antenna to
achieve operation at 14 GHz and the bottom layer patches
are responsible to achieve operation at 35 GHz so as to keep
percentage bandwidth stable. The software used to design
and simulate an antenna is keysight ADS simulation
software. The author saysthattheoverall arrayperformance
can be improved by making spacing between elements
slightly larger. This designed antenna can find application in
areas such as to obtain rainfall informationaccuratelyand to
know things happens unexpectedly in sky and used in NASA
for remote sensing [6].
3. MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
Microstrip patch antenna consists of radiating element or a
metal strip on one side of the dielectricsubstrateandground
plane on the other side. Because the shielding ground plane
is spaced a few substrate thicknesses away the dielectric
substrate retains mostofthe power.Theradiatingpatch may
be of different shapes such as square, rectangular, thin strip,
circular, elliptical, triangular or any other configuration.
Fig -1: Microstrip patch antenna
A microstrip patch antenna consists of conducting element
which is a radiating patch and groundplane betweenthemis
a dielectric medium called the substrate. This substrate has
particular value of dielectric constant. The dimensions of a
ground plane is larger than the radiating patch. Dimensions
of a microstrip patch antenna i.e. radiating patch as well as
ground plane depends on the resonant frequency and value
of the dielectric constant.
3.1 Different Shapes of Microstrip Patch Antenna
The Conducting patch is usually square, rectangular,
circular, triangular, elliptical or other common shape as
shown in Figure 2. The length L of the patch, for rectangular
patch is usually 0.3333λo < L < 0.5λo, where λo is the free-
space wavelength [4].

Fig -2: Different Shapes of Microstrip Patch antenna
The conducting patch is selected to be very thin such that
t << λo (where t is the patch thickness). The height (h) of the
dielectric substrate is usually 0.003 λo ≤ h ≤ 0.05 λo . The
dielectric constant of the substrate (εr) is typically in the
range 2.2≤ εr≤12.
4. FEEDING TECHNIQUE
To make antenna structure so that it can operate at full
power of transmission feeding technique is most important
in designing the antenna. Designingthefeedingtechniquesis
a difficult process for high frequency [7]. This is because the
input loss of feeding increases depending on frequency and
finally give huge effect on overall design. Few feeding
techniques that can be used to design MPA are:
 Microstip line feeding
 Coaxial probe feeding
 Aperture coupled feeding
 Proximity coupled feeding
 CPW feeding
5. THE STACKED PATCH ANTENNA
The stacked antenna is built like a multilayer printed circuit
board by vertically stacking two patches i.e. one conducting
patch is placed on top of the other. It is also called as
multilayer antenna or dual patch antenna. The top patch is
referred as radiating patch and bottom patch is referred to
as feeding patch. The radiating patch is fed or excited via an
electromagnetic coupling from the feeding patch [4].
Fig -3: Stacked Microstrip Patch antenna
There are three ways to connect to stacked antenna as given
below:
 Providing input to both patches individually (dual
band)
 Providing input to the upper patch only: series fed
(dual band)
 Providing input to the lower patch only: shunt fed
(wide band)
Fig 4. Shows this three connection.
Fig -4(a): Dual Feed
Fig -4(b): Series feed
Fig -4(c): Shunt Feed
5. ANTENNA DESIGN
The design parameters of the proposed antennas are given
below-
Stacked Antenna with Microstip line feed:
 Ground : L=36 mm, W=34 mm
 Lower substrate : (Taconic, Dk = 3.0)
 L = 36 mm, W = 34 mm, H (Height) = 0.8 mm
 Upper substrate:(FR4, Dk = 4.4)
 L=36 mm, W=34 mm, H=0.5 mm
 Feeding patch : L=15 mm, W=13.3 mm
 Radiating patch : L=21.5 mm, W=18.4 mm
 Distance between adjacent Patches:
 Transformer Length:8-9mm and Width:2-2.2mm
A sixteen element stacked patch antenna designed and
simulated using IE3D computer simulation tool is shown in
figure 5.

Fig -5: Sixteen element stacked patch antenna
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The performance of proposed antenna has been observed in
terms of the return loss, VSWR and radiation pattern. By
using the method of design of variables, the optimization is
gained.
6.1 Return Loss and Bandwidth
Figure 6. Illustrates the return loss plot of the stacked
antenna with microstrip line feed. The return loss and
bandwidth have been increased by this technique of
stacking.
Fig -6: Illustrates the return loss
6.2 Sub Heading 2
Figure 7. VSWR of stacked microstrip patch antenna.
Fig -7: VSWR of the stacked microstrip patch antenna
The antenna is developed for the determined specification
and tested using Sound Hound network analyser. The
developed antenna is shown in the figure 8.
Fig -7: Perspective view of developed antenna
7. CONCLUSIONS
The proposed antenna of 16-element stacked patch is
designed for 5.5 GHz and is simulated using IE3D software.
The design and simulation of various microstrip antennas
and arrays in C - Band such as single element, 2x2, 2x4 and
4x4 arrays has been carried out. The simulation has been
carried out using IE3D software package. Further these
antenna arrays have been fabricatedandfullyevaluated. The
return loss of antenna is well below -10dB for frequency
range greater than 5.2GHz. It is observed that thegainofthis
antenna array is greater than 20dB.
REFERENCES
[1] C. A. Balanis, “Microstrip Antennas” in Antenna Theory:
Analysis and Design, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2005,
pp. 811-819.
[2] Microstrip Patch Antennas – Survey and Performance
Analysis”, B.Bhuvaneswari, Dr. D. Dhanasekaran,

Puthanial. M, International journal of science research,
Issue 6, vol-3, 2014.
[3] “Design and development of Microstrip rectangular
patch antenna with different feed techniques at 4 GHz”,
Deepika J, A.M.Prasanna Kumar and Mohan Prasad P.
[4] B.B.Tigadi, Namita Gokavi and V.R.Udupi. “Design and
Development of Microstrip Patch antenna array with
Improved Performance”, IJSRd Vol 3, Issue 06, 2015.
[5] “Bandwidth Enhancement and modification of single
band patch antenna into double band”, Ranjeet Pratap
SinghBhadoriya andsumitNigam,978-3805-4421-2/16
2016
[6] “Dual-Frequency and Polarization Antenna Array for
Satellite Deployment”, Ramila Shreshtha, Dimitris E.
Anagnoston, Stephen J.Horst and JamesP.Hoffman,978-
4673-7676-1 2016.
[7] “Tiny Integrated network analyzer for noninvasive
measeurments of elctrically small antennas” , Emil F.
Buskgaard, Ben K.Kroyer, Alexandru Tatomirescu, IEEE
Transaction on microwave theory and techniques,2015

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