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MODULE FOUR THEODOLITE SURVEY SY CIVIL 5449
This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of **Theodolite surveying**, covering Vernier and Micro-Optic Theodolites, their components, working principles, and applications in civil engineering. It explains both **temporary and permanent adjustments**, ensuring accurate field observations. The slides include detailed methods for measuring **horizontal angles, vertical angles, heights, and distances**, along with complete procedures for **traversing**, **closing error calculation**, and **error distribution**. A dedicated section explains **Gales’s Table**, its use in traverse computations, and how to handle **omitted measurements** effectively. This presentation is ideal for: * Civil Engineering students * Surveying & Geomatics learners * Faculty preparing teaching material * Competitive exam aspirants * Professionals involved in land surveying and construction layout **Keywords:** Theodolite, Vernier Theodolite, Micro-Optic Theodolite, Surveying Instruments, Temporary Adjustments, Permanent Adjustments, Angle Measurement, Traversing, Closing Error, Gales Table, Omitted Measurements, Civil Engineering, Surveying Techniques.
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Similar to MODULE FOUR THEODOLITE SURVEY SY CIVIL 5449
MODULE FOUR THEODOLITE SURVEY SY CIVIL 5449
- 1. MODULE-IV Theodolite Surveying Prepared By- Prof.Basweshwar S. J.
- 2. The system ofsurveying in which the angles are measured with the help of a theodolite, is called Theodolite surveying. The Theodolite is a most accurate surveying instrument mainly used for : • Measuring horizontal and vertical angles. • Locating points on a line. • Prolonging survey lines. • Finding difference of level. • Setting out grades • Ranging curves • Tacheometric Survey Prepared By- Prof. Basweshwar S. J.
- 3.
- 4. ADJUSTMENT OF ATHEODOLITE The adjustments of a theodolite are of two kinds :- • 1. Permanent Adjustments. • 2. Temporary Adjustments. Prepared By- Prof. Basweshwar S. J.
- 5. ADJUSTMENT OF ATHEODOLITE 1) Permanent adjustments: The permanent adjustments are made to establish the relationship between the fundamental lines of the theodolite and , once made , they last for a long time. They are essential for the accuracy of observations. 2) Temporary Adjustment The temporary adjustments are made at each set up of the instrument before we start taking observations with the instrument. There are three temporary adjustments of a theodolite:- i) Centering. ii) Levelling. iii) Focussing. Prepared By- Prof. Basweshwar S. J.
- 6. ADJUSTMENT OF ATHEODOLITE Permanent adjustments: 1. Adjustment of Horizontal Plate Levels. The axis of the plate levels must be perpendicular to the vertical axis. 2. Collimation Adjustment. The line of collimation should coincide with the axis of the telescope and the axis of the objective slide and should be at right angles to the horizontal axis. 3. Horizontal axis adjustment. The horizontal axis must be perpendicular to the vertical axis. 4. Adjustment of Telescope Level or the Altitude Level Plate Levels. The axis of the telescope levels or the altitude level must be parallel to the line of collimation. 5. Vertical Circle Index Adjustment. The vertical circle vernier must read zero when the line of collimation is horizontal. Prepared By- Prof. Basweshwar S. J.
- 7. Sources of errorsin theodolite • Instrumental errors • Non adjustment of plate bubble • Line of collimation not being perpendicular to horizontal axis • Horizontal axis not being perpendicular to vertical axis • Line of collimation not being parallel to axis of telescope • Eccentricity of inner and outer axes • Graduation not being uniform • Verniers being eccentric • Personal errors • Natural errors • High temperature causes error due to irregular refraction. • High winds cause vibration in the instrument, and this may lead to wrong readings on verniers Prepared By- Prof. Basweshwar S. J.
- 8. Angles by Theodolite Thereare two methods of measuring horizontal angles:- i) Repetition Method. ii) Reiteration Method. Prepared By- Prof. Basweshwar S. J.
- 15. Method of traversing •Included angle method • Deflection angle method • Fast angle (or magnetic bearing method) Prepared By- Prof. Basweshwar S. J.
- 16. Computation of latitudeand departure • Latitude of a line is the distances measured parallel to the north south of the North- South direction • Departure of the line is the distance measured parallel to the east-west direction Prepared By- Prof. Basweshwar S. J.
- 17. Computing latitude anddeparture Prepared By- Prof. Basweshwar S. J.