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Lecture 2 A.KINEMATIC CONCEPTS FOR ANALYZING HUMAN MOTION.ppt
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- 3. CONTENTS • What isanatomical reference position? • Directional terms • Reference planes • Reference axes • Forms of motion • What is a mechanical system? • What movements occur in the sagittal plane? • Spatial Reference Systems • Qualitative Analysis • Tools for measuring kinematic quantities
- 4. 2-4 What is anatomicalreference position? • Erect standing position with all body parts facing forward • Considered the starting point for all body segment movements Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 5. 2-5 Posterior: toward theback of the body Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. Directional terms: Inferior: farther away from the head Anterior: toward the front of the body Superior: closer to the head Medial: toward the midline of the body Lateral: away from the midline of the body Proximal: closer to the trunk Distal: away from the trunk Superficial: toward the surface of the body Deep: inside the body away from the surface
- 6. 2-6 Reference planes: • Sagittalplane - in which forward and backward movements occur. • Frontal plane - in which lateral movements occur. • Transverse plane - in which rotational movements occur. Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 7. 2-7 Reference axes: Basic Biomechanics,6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. Longitudinal axis - directed vertically and around which rotational movements occur. Anteroposterior axis – directed along the sagittal plane and around which rotations in the frontal plane occur. Mediolateral axis – directed along the frontal plane and around which rotations in the sagittal plane occur
- 8. 2-8 Forms of motion: •Linear motion: motion along a line • Rectilinear motion: (along a straight line) • Curvilinear motion: (along a curved line) Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 9. 2-9 Forms of motion: Angularmotion: rotation around an axis Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 10. 2-10 Forms of motion BasicBiomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. Rectilinear motion Curvilinear motion Angular motion
- 11. 2-11 Forms of motion: Generalmotion: a combination of linear and angular motion (includes most human motion) Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 12. 2-12 What is amechanical system? • A body or portion of a body that is deliberately chosen by the analyst • examples: throwing arm, kicking leg, the trunk during performance of a lift, the entire body during performance of a maximal vertical jump Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 13. 2-13 Flexion Extension Hyperextension DorsiflexionPlantar flexion Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. What movements occur in the sagittal plane?
- 14. 2-14 What movements occurin the frontal plane? Abduction Adduction Lateral flexion Elevation Depression Radial deviation Ulnar deviation Eversion Inversion Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 15. 2-15 What movements occurin the transverse plane? Medial rotation Lateral rotation Pronation Supination Horizontal adduction Horizontal abduction Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 16. 2-16 Spatial Reference Systems •useful for standardizing descriptions of human motion • most commonly used is the Cartesian coordinate system • human body joint centers are labeled with numerical x and y coordinates Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 17. 2-17 Spatial Reference Systems (0,0) X Y (x,y)= (3,7) Cartesian coordinates of the hip Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 18. 2-18 Spatial Reference Systems Coordinatescan be both positive and negative. x y (0,0) x = + y = + x = - y = + x = - y = - x = + y = - Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 19. 2-19 Qualitative Analysis: Prerequisite Knowledge •What is the purpose of the skill? • What are the causes of performance errors? • How can knowledge be gained? • experience in performing the skill • reading available literature • attending conferences and workshops Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 20. 2-20 Qualitative Analysis: Planning • Whatis the question to be answered? • From what perspectives (angle and viewing distance) should the movement be viewed? • How many observations should be taken? Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 21. 2-21 Qualitative Analysis: Planning • Whatplans should be made for: • performer attire • lighting conditions • background • use of video Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 22. 2-22 Qualitative Analysis: Conducting theAnalysis Identify Question/Problem Make Decisions Interpret Observations Viewing Angle Viewing Distance Performer Attire Environmental Modifications Use of Video Auditory From Performer From Other Analysts Collect Observations Communicate with Performer End Analysis Visual Refine Question Basic Biomechanics, 6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
- 23. TOOLS FOR MEASURINGKINEMATIC QUANTITIES • Video and Film • Movement analysts today have quite an array of camera types from which to choose. The type of movement and the requirements of the analysis largely determine the camera and analysis system of choice. • Standard video provides 30 resolvable pictures per second, which is perfectly adequate for many human movement applications. • Scientists and clinicians performing detailed quantitative study of the kinematics of human motion typically require a more sophisticated video camera and playback unit, with higher rates of picture capture.
- 24. • Digital videocapture systems designed for human movement analysis are commercially available with frame rates of up to 2000 Hz. • For both qualitative and quantitative analysis, however, a consideration often of greater importance than camera speed is the clarity of the captured images. 24
- 25. Other Movement-Monitoring Systems •An accelerometer is a transducer used for the direct measurement of acceleration. The accelerometer is attached as rigidly as possible to the body segment or other object of interest, with electrical output channeled to a recording device. • Three-dimensional accelerometers that incorporate • multiple linear accelerometers are commercially available for monitoring acceleration during nonlinear movements.
- 26. References • Basic Biomechanics,6th edition By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
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