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2nd generation of computer
This document discusses the key features of 2nd generation computers, which used transistors and were built between 1959-1963. Some examples include the IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604 and CDC 3600. 2nd generation computers were more reliable than 1st generation ones due to their smaller size and production of less heat. While faster and more efficient than previous models, 2nd generation computers remained very costly and required AC power. They also supported machine and assembly languages.
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Introduction to the topic of 2nd generation computers and the presenting team.
The 2nd generation computers (1959-1963) utilized transistors and improved reliability, featuring components like storage and operating systems.
Notable 2nd generation computers included IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, and UNIVAC 1108.
Key features: use of transistors, improved reliability, smaller size, lower heat emission, reduced electricity consumption, and support for machine languages.
Transistors amplified signals, replacing vacuum tubes, allowing for smaller, cheaper, and less heat-producing computers.
Advanced memory technology transitioned from magnetic drums to cores, enabling more efficient data handling and programming.
Introduction of input-output processors and a shift from machine to assembly language with languages like COBOL and FORTRAN.
Development of compilers and batch processing, which laid the groundwork for multiprogramming and time-sharing systems.
2nd generation computers featured tools for business operations, being fast, reliable, and easily portable.
Challenges included high costs, limited input/output media improvements, and the necessity for air-conditioning.
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2nd generation of computer
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- 3. PRESENTED BY Abul HasnathLimon Id(142-15-3532) Anika Ohab Id(142-15-3568) Shahinur Rahman Id(142-15-3606) Umme Habiba Id(142-15-3677)
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- 5. The computers builtin the 1959s and 1963s are considered the 2nd generation computers. These computers make use of the transistors and they had many of the same components as the modern- day computer. For instance, 2nd generation computers typically had a printer, some sort of tape or disk storage, operating systems, stored programs, as well as some sort of memory. These computers were also generally more reliable and were solid in design.
- 7. Some computersof this generation were: IBM 1620 IBM 7094 CDC 1604 CDC 3600 UNIVAC 1108
- 8. Use oftransistors Reliable in comparison to first generation computers Smaller size as compared to first generation computers Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers The main features of second generation are:
- 9. Consumed lesselectricity as compared to first generation computers Faster than first generation computers Still very costly A.C. needed Supported machine and assembly languages
- 10. They have twokey properties: 1.they can amplify an electrical signal and 2. they can switch on and off, letting current through or blocking it as necessary. Transistors are tiny electrical devices that can be found in everything from radios to robots.
- 11. In late 1940s,AT&T Bell Laboratories scientists (J. Bardeen, H. W. Brattain and W. Shockley) invent the Transistor, replacing vacuum tubes. They get Nobel Prize for their invention. • Replaced vacuum tubes • Smaller • Cheaper • Less heat dissipation • Solid State device • Made from Silicon (Sand) • allowed computers to become smaller, faster and less expensive
- 12. Had the abilityto store its usage instructions in its memory, which had advanced from magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. This advancement marked the beginning of more streamlined, user-friendly technological advances and the advanced memory storage capacity we use today.
- 13. In SecondGeneration Computer more registers were added to the CPU to facilitate data and address manipulation compare to IAS (First Generation Computer). For an example, Index registers. Index registers make it possible to have indexed instructions, which increment or decrement a designated index I before (or after) they execute their main operation.
- 14. Introduced input-output processors(IOP), which are special-purpose processing units designed exclusively to control IO operations. Hence IO data transfers can take place independently of the CPU, permitting the CPU to execute user programs while IO operations are taking place.
- 15. In additionto the development of transistors, another major change that came about with the development of second-generation computers was a modification in language. Machine language was replaced with assembly language, sometimes referred to as symbolic language. Typical assembly languages used included Common Business-Oriented Language (CBOL) and Formula Translator (FORTRAN).
- 16. System programs calledcompilers were developed to translate these high-level language programs into corresponding assembly language program Separate I/O processors were developed and in 1962 the first removable disk pack was marketed IBM became major computer manufacturer and most computer systems are used by government, business and universities
- 17. Batch processing is theexecution of a series of jobs in a program on a computer without manual intervention A batch monitor is a rudimentary (basic) version of an operating system. Later computer introduce multiprogramming and time-sharing systems.
- 18. Second-generation computers werethe first to feature tools such as printers, disk storage and operating systems, which was often used for financial operations. These advancements allowed computer users to keep better control of their records and triggered the increase of computer use in day-to-day business operations.
- 19. (1) Fastest computingdevices of their time; (2) Easy to program because of the use assembly language; (3) Could be transferred from one place to other very easily because they were small and light; (4) Require very less power in carrying out their operations; (5) More reliable, did not require maintenance at regular intervals of time.
- 20. (1)The input andoutput media were not improved to a considerable extent (2) Required to be placed in air-conditioned places (3) The cost of these computers was very high and they were beyond the reach of home users (4) Special-purpose computers and could execute only specific applications
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