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![“twttr sketch” Twitter.com
Sketching
Twitter
[This sketch] has very special significance – it's hanging in the office somewhere with one other page.
Whenever I'm thinking about something, I really like to take out the yellow notepad and get it down.
– Jack Dorsey, Twitter
Design: Sketching](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/svaworkshop062114-140621162303-phpapp02/75/Introduction-to-Information-Architecture-Design-SVA-Workshop-06-21-14-77-2048.jpg)
![“twttr sketch” Twitter.com
Sketching
Twitter
[This sketch] has very special significance – it's hanging in the office somewhere with one other page.
Whenever I'm thinking about something, I really like to take out the yellow notepad and get it down.
– Jack Dorsey, Twitter
Design: Sketching](https://crownmelresort.com/image.slidesharecdn.com/svaworkshop062114-140621162303-phpapp02/75/Introduction-to-Information-Architecture-Design-SVA-Workshop-06-21-14-77-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byRobert Stribley
Introduction to Information Architecture & Design - SVA Workshop 06/21/14
The document provides an introduction to an information architecture and design workshop. It includes an agenda for the workshop that covers background on information architecture, the design process, a project overview, user research including surveys and competitive reviews, developing personas, and design deliverables like site maps, wireframes and prototypes. Key aspects of information architecture are defined, including the combination of organization, labeling and navigation to facilitate accessing content. The history of the field and example methodologies for user research, competitive reviews and developing personas are also outlined.
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Introduction to Information Architecture & Design - SVA Workshop 06/21/14
- 1. Introduction to InformationArchitecture & Design School of Visual Arts | June 21, 2014 Robert Stribley
- 2. Today’s presentation willbe available on SlideShare following the workshop: www.slideshare.net/stribs
- 3. Butterfly on theNew York City Highline Pattern Recognition: In cognitive psychology, the ability to identify familiar forms within a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli
- 4. Butterflies Labeled bySpecies
- 5. Intro Robert Stribley @stribs • I’man Associate Experience Director at Razorfish • I like literature, cinema, music, photography, cycling • I drink coffee Introduction My clients have included: • Bank of America, PNC, Wachovia • JPMorgan, Morgan Stanley, Oppenheimer Funds, PNC, Prudential, Smith Barney, T. Rowe Price • Boston Scientific, Nasonex • Choice Hotels, RCI • Computer Associates, EMC • Ford, Lincoln • AT&T, Nextel • Day One, Red Cross • Pearson, Travel Channel, Women’s Wear Daily
- 6. Intro About You •What’s yourname? •What do you do for work? •What do you do for fun? •Coffee, tea or bottled water? Introduction
- 7. Intro Goals of thisworkshop •Understand the basic concepts of information architecture •Experience the general process and techniques used on a design project •Review the basic deliverables an information architect develops within a project Introduction
- 8.
- 9. Agenda Morning • Background • DesignProcess • Our Project • User Research • Competitive Review • Personas • Lunch Agenda
- 10. Agenda Afternoon • Card Sorting •Site Maps • Page Types • Navigation • Sketching • Wireframes • Q&A Agenda
- 11.
- 12. Background in•for•ma•tion ar•chi•tec•ture n. Background:Defining IA • The combination of organization, labeling, and navigation schemes within an information system. • The structural design of an information space to facilitate task completion and intuitive access to content. • The art and science of structuring and classifying web sites and intranets to help people find and manage information. • An emerging discipline and community of practice focused on bringing principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape. Information Architecture for the World Wide Web (1st Edition), p. 4, Rosenfeld and Morville Navigation Interaction Art/Science Discipline/ Community
- 13. Background “It's hard tosay who really is an information architect. In some sense, we all are.” — Alex Wright, Author Glut Background: Defining IA
- 14.
- 15.
- 16. Design Process metaphor: architecturalplans Flickr.com: Cornell University Library Background: Defining IA
- 17. Background: History A BriefHistory of IA 1975 • Richard Saul Wurman coined the term “information architecture” to describe the field now more often described as “information design” 1994 • Formation of Argus Associates in Ann Arbor, MI, the first firm devoted to IA 1998 • First edition of Peter Morville and Lou Rosenfeld’s Information Architecture for the World Wide Web, affectionately known as “The Polar Bear” book
- 18. Partially adapted from:“A brief history of information architecture” by Peter Morville and Information Architecture: Designing information environments for purpose, edited by Alan Gilchrist and Barry Mahon A Brief History of IA 2000 • First IA Summit, Boston, MA – Defining Information Architecture 2002 • Boxes & Arrows, online journal for information architects goes live • 3 new books on IA published, including Jesse James Garrett’s The Elements of User Experience 2015 • 15th Annual IA Summit held in Minneapolis, MN, April 22-26 Background: History
- 19. Design Process Project phases byHarold Kerzner
- 20. Design Process Discovery DefinitionDesign Development Design Process
- 21. Design Process Discovery DefinitionDesign Development • Stakeholder interviews • Business requirements • Competitive & comparative audits • User research • Site inventory Design Process
- 22. Design Process Discovery DefinitionDesign Development •Personas •Content Audit •Card sorts •Use Cases •Sketching •Site Map •Creative Brief •UX Brief Design Process
- 23. Design Process Discovery DefinitionDesign Development • Site Map • Task Flows • Sketching • Wireframes • Stakeholder Reviews • Visual Design • Prototype • Usability Testing • Functional Specifications Design Process
- 24. Design Process Discovery DefinitionDesign Development •Site Development •User Acceptance Testing (UAT) •Quality Assurance (QA) •Usability Testing Design Process
- 25. Background IA Deliverables site map features/functionality inventory comparative/competitive review requirementsdocument personas sketches use cases user flows prototype wireframes discover designdefine experience brief Deliverables
- 26.
- 27. What to do? OurProject
- 28. Our Project Events.com wantsto revamp its website to become the go-to online resource for people wanting to attend or promote events across the United States. Our Project
- 29.
- 30. User Research User Researchin Copenhagen’s Elderly Homes
- 31. User Research “Through research,we aim to learn enough about the business goals, the users, and the information ecology to develop a solid strategy.” – Louis Rosenfeld & Peter Morville Discovery: User Research
- 32. User Research Methodology • FocusGroups • Surveys • Interviews Goals • Identify patterns and trends in user behavior, tasks, preferences, obstacles. Discovery: User Research
- 33. User Research Class Exercise:Survey Questions • How do you learn about events in NYC? • What type of events are you interested in? • What’s more important to you: – Price – Type of Event – Location – Date • How often do you attend the events? • Do you ever need to promote an event? • Do you ever invite people to an event? Discovery: User Research
- 34.
- 35. Discovery: Competitive Audit “Thistype of assessment helps set an industry ‘marker’ by looking at what the competition is up to, what features and functionalities are standard, and how others have solved the same problems you might be tasked with.” – Dorelle Rabinowitz Discovery: Competitive Review
- 36. Competitive Review Heuristic Evaluation …involves evaluators examining the interface and judging its compliance with recognized usability principles (the ‘heuristics’) - Wikipedia Discovery: Competitive Review Self Study For a more detailed explanation of heuristic evaluation, see Jakob Nielsen’s Ten Usability Heuristics.
- 37. Competitive Review Sample UsabilityCriteria These examples aren’t comprehensive. Appropriate criteria will depend on the project to be completed. Home Page • Are home page elements appropriately weighted and distributed? • Is information clustered in meaningful ways? Navigation • Is the navigation structure concise and consistent? • Are paths to important information intuitive and unobstructed? Content • Is content current? Are there visible indications of content freshness? • Is content properly adapted for the Web? Is tone of voice consistent throughout content? Is content chunked appropriately? • Are headings and titles scannable? Design • Are colors appropriate to the Web? Is white space used appropriately? Is text readable? Search • Are search results relevant and cleanly presented? Functionality • Are functionality and forms efficiently designed? Messaging • Are errors messages clear on the site? Is help readily available to users? • Are there appropriate means for user feedback? Discovery: Competitive Review
- 38. Competitive Review Methodology •Review andanalyze competitor sites according to particular criteria •Draw key findings, which can influence and guide IA through the design phase •Include a scorecard for high-level comparison of points across all sites Also: Comparative Reviews Discovery: Competitive Review
- 39.
- 40. Competitive Review Key Findings •Search prominent on each site • Need for filtering events • Calendars are helpful, but not always prominent • Profiles and social features common, but handled with varying degrees of detail • Free events are often highlighted • Event detail pages vary, may have maps, RSVP, sharing, rating, commenting functionality • Displaying other venues and restaurants adds utility • Option to add or promote an event isn’t always prominent Discovery: Competitive Review
- 41. Competitive Review What elsehave we learned? • Who are the audiences of these sites? • What are the strengths of these sites? • What are their weaknesses? • How might another event site differentiate itself from these sites? Discovery: Competitive Review
- 42.
- 43. Personas Created at Personas:http://personas.media.mit.edu Personas is a component of the Metropath(ologies) exhibit, recently on display at the MIT Museum by the Sociable Media Group from the MIT Media Lab . It uses sophisticated natural language processing and the Internet to create a data portrait of one's aggregated online identity. In short, Personas shows you how the Internet sees you.
- 44. Personas “Personas summarize userresearch findings and bring that research to life in such a way that everyone can make decisions based on these personas, not based on themselves.” – Steve Mulder Definition: Personas
- 45. Personas Methodology • Cluster Analysis Goals •Create a narrative based on real data to illustrate user behavior, motivations, goals Definition: Personas Small Budget Big Budget PlannerPromoter
- 46. Personas Characteristics of EffectivePersonas • Varied and distinct • Detailed • Not weighed down with minutiae • Tied into business-specific goals • Backed by data Definition: Personas
- 47.
- 48. Sabrina, 27 The partyplanner Location: Gramercy Park Attitude: Organized, outgoing Financial Perspective: Generous, bit of spendthrift Online Habits: Avid user of social networking sites, Twitter, Facebook, etc Events: Wine tastings, gallery openings Quote: “I love getting bunches of friends together to attend all these NYC events. There’s so much great stuff to do in this city!” Small Budget Big Budget PlannerPromoter PersonasDefinition: Personas
- 49. Jerry, 44 The out-of-towner Location: Cincinnati,OH Attitude: Casual, yet adventurous Financial Perspective: Moderate spender Online Habits: Utilitarian use of the Web to research trips, read about the arts and pay bills Events: Museums, visiting landmarks, tours Quote: “I’m visiting the Big Apple with my wife and we want to check out some art-related events.” Small Budget Big Budget PlannerPromoter Definition: Personas
- 50. Personas Donny, 38 The localcomedian Location: East Village Attitude: Laidback, loosely organized Financial Perspective: Frugal, paycheck to paycheck Online Habits: Spends time networking, promoting his act online, haunts comedy sites Events: Comedy slams, variety shows Quote: “I land a few comedy gigs around the city and I want to promote them better.” Small Budget Big Budget PlannedPromoter Definition: Personas
- 51. Jenny, 33 The professionalpromoter Location: Williamsburg Attitude: Busy, disciplined, professional Financial Perspective: Healthy budget for promotions and advertising Online Habits: Heavy use of social networking sites both professionally and personally, shops online Events: Small gigs, big concerts, DJ sets Quote: “I manage a few bands and DJs and I have to ensure they’re listed in the right, targeted places.” Personas Small Budget Big Budget PlannedPromoter Definition: Personas
- 52. Class Exercise: Personas Definition:Personas • What tasks might each persona attempt to complete on Events.com? • What features can you imagine each persona might like on such a site? • What obstacles or pain points might they encounter? SabrinaJenny DonnyJerry Self Study ”Personas and the Role of Design Documentation" by Andrew Hinton, Boxes and Arrows, 2008/02/27
- 53.
- 54. Agenda Afternoon • Card Sorting •Site Maps • Page Types • Navigation • Sketching • Wireframes • Q&A Agenda
- 55.
- 56. Card Sorting “There areoften better ways to organize data than the traditional ones that first occur to us. Each organization of the same set of data expresses different attributes and messages. It is also important to experiment, reflect, and choose which organization best communicates our messages.” – Nathan Shedroff, Experience Strategist Definition: Card Sorting
- 57. Methodology • Grouping andlabeling with index cards, post it notes • Two types: Open – Participants sort cards with no pre-established categories. Useful for new architectures Closed – Participants sort cards into predetermined, provided groups. Useful for fitting content into existing architectures • Online card sorts –WebSort, OptimalSort, Socratic Goals • Organize content more efficiently • Find names for categories based on users’ perspectives Definition: Card Sorting Self Study "Card sorting: a definitive guide" by Donna Spencer and Todd Warfel, Boxes and Arrows, 2004/04/07
- 58. Case Studies: • WachoviaWealth Management Group • American Red Cross • Mercedes Benz Definition: Card Sorting
- 59. Class Exercise: As individuals: •Take 5 minutes to think of all the events a person could attend • Write each event you come up with on a Post- It note Definition: Card Sorting
- 60. Class Exercise: Now, asa group: • Take a few minutes to organize your events into categories (group & label them) • Then we’ll share some categories Definition: Card Sorting
- 61. Characteristics & Findings: •Lumping and splitting • Outliers and miscellaneous items • Placing items in multiple categories • Categories versus filters –E.g. Free, Family, Outdoors • Unique but intuitive labels –E.g. Geeks Definition: Card Sorting
- 62. Next Steps: With theresults of a card sort we then can: • Build consensus • Refine terminology • Create a site map • Help define navigation Definition: Card Sorting
- 63.
- 64.
- 65. Conceptual DesignDesign: SiteMaps “A site map is a high level diagram showing the hierarchy of a system. Site maps reflect the information structure, but are not necessarily indicative of the navigation structure.” - Step Two Designs
- 66.
- 67.
- 68. Page Types The MercatorAtlas of Europe From The British Library
- 69. Conceptual Design Home PageCategory Page Details Page Design: Page Types
- 70. Navigation Navigation Bridge, USSEnterprise by Serendigity, Flickr
- 71. Grids Types of Navigation •Site Structure – major nav • Hierarchical – product families • Function – sitemap privacy • Direct – banner ad/shortcut • Reference – related links • Dynamic – search results • Breadcrumb – location • Step Navigation – sequence through forms/results • Faceted Navigation – filters results Design: Navigation Areas of Navigation • Global – universal header/footer • Local – left nav/right nav • Local content – text links, buttons Styles of Navigation • Rollover • Dropdown • Flyout • Tabs • Accordion Self Study Adapted from Atsushi Hasegagwa’s The 7 Navigation Types of Web Sites
- 72.
- 73.
- 74. Sketching Aerial Screw byLeonardo da Vinci, 1485-1487
- 75.
- 76. Sketching Can you guesswhat this is a sketch of? Design: Sketching
- 77. “twttr sketch” Twitter.com Sketching Twitter [Thissketch] has very special significance – it's hanging in the office somewhere with one other page. Whenever I'm thinking about something, I really like to take out the yellow notepad and get it down. – Jack Dorsey, Twitter Design: Sketching
- 78. Sketching “There are techniques andprocesses whereby we can put experience front and center in design. My belief is that the basis for doing so lies in extending the traditional practice of sketching. ” - Bill Buxton Design: Sketching Bill Buxton Sketching User Experiences
- 79. Bill Buxton Sketching User Experiences Sketching Attributesof a Sketch •Quick •Timely •Inexpensive •Disposable •Plentiful •Clear vocabulary •Distinct gesture •Minimal detail •Appropriate degree of refinement •Suggest & explore rather than confirm •Ambiguity Design: Sketching
- 80. Sketching Methodology • Draw • Limityour time • Don’t worry about mistakes or style Goals • Benefit from the participation of your colleagues • Quickly generate ideas and refine through iterations Design: Sketching
- 81.
- 82.
- 83. • Not sketchingyet • Discuss the purpose of the experience you’re sketching • What features are necessary? • How would you prioritize them? • What’s the audience? Design: Sketching Discuss
- 84. Sketch • Sketch silently •Limit your time • Sketch as much has possible, as many different ideas as possible Design: Sketching
- 85. Share • Review yourwork with your team • You offer your feedback to others • What you like • Questions about didn’t work for you • You’re not grilling your colleagues and this is not a competition Design: Sketching
- 86. Revise • Now sketchagain/begin your wireframe with a more informed view, more and better ideas • Iterate on your design Design: Sketching
- 87. Design: Sketching Class Exercise:Collaborative Sketching In teams, sketch your ideas. Event Page 1. Take 5 or so minutes first to discuss what features belong here Design: Sketching
- 88. Design: Sketching Class Exercise:Collaborative Sketching In teams, sketch your ideas. Event Page 1. Take 5 or so minutes first to discuss what features belong here 2. Time for silent sketching Design: Sketching
- 89. Design: Sketching Class Exercise:Collaborative Sketching In teams, sketch your ideas. Event Page 1. Take 5 or so minutes first to discuss what features belong here 2. Time for silent sketching 3. Time for sharing your sketches Design: Sketching
- 90. Sketching Tools: The followingapps are all for the iPad: • Adobe Ideas (Free) • Bamboo Paper (Free) • Muji Notebook ($3.99) • Penultimate (Free) • SketchBook Pro ($4.99) • Paper (Free) InfoDesign: Sketching Tools
- 91. Wireframes photo & sculptureby polly verity
- 92. Wireframes “Web site wireframesare blue prints that define a Web page’s content and functionality. They do not convey design – e.g. colors, graphics, or fonts.” - FatPurple Design: Wireframes
- 97. Wireframing/Prototyping Tools: • AdobeInDesign • Axure • Omnigraffle (Mac) • Microsoft Visio • Mockingbird (online, free) Also: • Balsamiq • iPlotz • iMockups (iPad) • Omnigraffle (iPad) InfoDesign: Wireframing Tools Self Study Smashing Magazine: 35 Excellent Wireframing Resources
- 98. Design: Sketching Class Exercise:Final Wireframe In your teams, create your final deliverable, a home page for Events.com Sketch First 1) Discuss features needed for a homepage 2) Sketch your ideas for a homepage individually 3) Review your sketches and provide feedback Design: Wireframes
- 99. Design: Sketching Class Exercise:Final Wireframe Then Wireframe 1) Now, each of you will create a final “wireframe” 2) Be sure to incorporate your team mates’ design ideas and feedback Design: Wireframes
- 100. Design: Sketching SabrinaJenny DonnyJerry Don’tforget to keep your personas in mind
- 101. Design: Sketching Wireframe &Prototyping Tools Axure Dreamweaver InDesign Visio Design: Wireframes Develop
- 102. Books: • Information Architecturefor the World Wide Web – Louis Rosenfeld, Peter Morville • Information Architecture: Blueprints for the Web – Christina Wodtke, Austin Govella • The Elements of User Experience – Jesse James Garrett • Designing Web Navigation: Optimizing the User Experience – James Kalbach, Aaron Gustafson • Design of Everyday Things – Donald Norman Local Events: • IA Meetup • Brooklyn UX • Content Strategy Meetup Web Sites: • Alertbox • A List Apart • Boxes & Arrows • wireframes.tumblr.com InfoAdditional Resources Organizations: • Human Computer Interactions (HCI) • Interaction Designers Association (IxDA) • Usability Professionals Association (UPA) Further Studies: • School of Visual Arts • Continuing Ed classes • MFA in Interaction Design • Pratt – Course in Information Design • Rosenfeld Media • General Assembly • Skillshare • Adaptive Path • The Information Architecture Institute • The IA Summit • Nielsen Norman Group • User Interface Engineering Video: The Right Way to Wireframe by Russ Unger (YouTube)
- 103.
- 104. Slideshare address: http://www.slideshare.net/stribs My articleon how to find an IA job: http://blog.onwardsearch.com/2012/08/information-architecture-a-guerilla-guide-to-breaking-in/ @stribs InfoAdditional Info
- 105. Design: Sketching Wireframe &Prototyping Tools Axure Dreamweaver InDesign Visio Design: Wireframes Addendum: • Grids • Dieter Rams: 10 Principles of Good Design • Defining Wireframes vs. Sketches, Templates, vs. Pages
- 106.
- 107. Grids “The true benefitof using a grid is that as you learn how to use a grid, you start to think systemically about the solutions you design. You start to try and see how various details can echo one another, how different regions of the canvas can be reused or used for similar things, how like elements can be grouped together.” – Khoi Vinh, former design Director, NYTimes.com Design: Grids
- 108.
- 109.
- 110.
- 111. Grids Self Study: Wantto know more? Learn more about design by grids: 960 Grid System 960.gs Design by Grid www.designbygrid.com Hashgrid www.hashgrid.com Design: Grids
- 112. Good design is… Gooddesign is innovative. Good design makes a product useful. Good design is aesthetic. Good design makes a product understandable. Good design is unobtrusive. Good design is honest. Good design is long-lasting. Good design is thorough down to the last detail. Good design is environmentally friendly. Good design is as little design as possible. © Dieter Rams, amended March 2003 and October 2009 Dieter Rams: 10 principles of good design
- 113. Design: SketchingDefining SketchesVersus Wireframes, Templates Versus Pages Templates Pages Apply to many different pages Specific, may apply to a single page or screen Examples: • basic page • category page • product page Examples: • homepage • ecommerce or transactional form Sketches Wireframes Quick More time-consuming Few details Very detailed Not typically delivered Professional deliverable
Editor's Notes
- #2 Introduction to Information Architecture & Design School of Visual Arts | Fall 2013 Robert Stribley
- #4 Butterfly on the New York City Highline Photo: Flickr.com/stribs
- #5 And we label them down to the species and sub-species level. Butterflies at the American Museum of Natural History’s Butterfly Conservatory. Photo: Flickr.com/stribs
- #8 Workshop goals
- #13 Navigation, interaction design, art/science, discipline/community
- #17 Using architectural plans/blueprints as a metaphor for an IA’s work
- #19 Partially adapted from: “A brief history of information architecture” by Peter Morville Information Architecture: Designing information environments for purpose, edited by Alan Gilchrist and Barry Mahon
- #22 1. Discovery Stakeholder interviewers, Business requirements, Competitive & Comparative Audits, User Research
- #23 2. Definition Persona/Scenario Development, Content & Meta Data Audits, Use cases, Creative Brief, Mood boards
- #24 3. Design Sitemaps, Task Flows, Wireframes, Content Strategy, Interactive Prototypes, Usability Testing, Design Comps
- #25 4. Development Functional Specifications, Quality Assurance Testing, Site development
- #28 Photo: Flickr.com/stribs
- #31 User Research in Copenhagen’s Elderly Homes - http://www.localhiddenvariable.com/ciid/user-research-in-copenhagens-elderly-homes/
- #36 Discovery: Competitive Review – or Audit
- #40 We review each of these sites live during class
- #46 Wikipedia: Cluster analysis or clustering is the assignment of a set of observations into subsets (called clusters) so that observations in the same cluster are similar in some sense
- #47 Goals and data from focus groups, stakeholder interviews, etc – including user behaviors and opinions
- #58 http://websort.net http://www.optimalworkshop.com/
- #70 Home page, category page, details page/product page
- #72 Adapted from Atsushi HASEGAWA’s The 7 Navigation Types of Web Sites http://www.slideshare.net/atsushi/the-7-navigation-types-of-web-site
- #94 Uniqlo wireframe by Razorfish
- #95 Uniqlo comp/design based on wireframe by Razorfish
- #96 Uniqlo comp/design based on wireframe by Razorfish
- #97 Uniqlo comp/design based on wireframe by Razorfish
- #113 Head of design at Braun, the German consumer electronics manufacturer, DIETER RAMS (1932-) was one of the most influential industrial designers of the late 20th century