Operating systems

Submitted by:
Srishti Gupta
Roll No: 37
NRO0398205

I would like to thank Information Technology Training Center and
Faculty of Gurugram Branch of NIRC of ICAI which gave us the
opportunity to encourage our innovativeness and extra-curricular
interest. I would also like to offer my gratitude to my mentor Ms.
Shilpa Kaushik, my parents and all my friends for their
continuous encouragement.
Srishti Gupta

Sr.
No.
Particulars
1. Introduction of Operating System
2. Structure of Operating System
3. Features of Operating System
4. Components of Operating System
5. Advantages and Disadvantages
6. Types of Operating System
7. Examples
8. Conclusion

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages
computer hardware and software resources and provides
common services for computer programs. All computer
programs, excluding firmware, require an operating system to
function.

 PROCESS MANAGEMENT (COMPUTING):
The OS allocates resources to processes, enable processes to share
and exchange information, protect the resources of each process
from other processes and enable synchronization among
processes.
 MEMORY MANAGEMENT:
Memory management is a form of resource management applied
to computer memory. Operating System have been devised that
increase the effectiveness of memory management.
 FILE MANAGEMENT:
It takes care of file-related activities such as organization storage,
retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.

 I/O OPERATIONS
Each program requires input and produces output. The OS hides
some of the details of the underlying hardware for such I/O. All the
user sees is that the I/O has been performed, without those details.
 COMMUNICATION
There are instances where processes need to communicate with each
other to exchange information. It may be between processes
running on the same computer or running on different computers.
The OS provides these services to application programs, making
inter-process communication possible, and relieving the user of
having to worry about how this accomplished.
 INTERUPPTS:
Interrupts are central to operating systems, as they provide an
efficient way for the operating system to interact with and react to
its environment. Interrupt-based programming is directly supported
by most modern CPUs. Interrupts provide a computer with a way of
automatically saving local register contexts, and running specific
code in response to events.

 VIRTUAL MEMORY:
In modern operating systems, memory which is accessed less
frequently can be temporarily stored on disk or other media to make
that space available for use by other programs. Many operating
systems can "trick" programs into using memory scattered around
the hard disk and RAM as if it is one continuous chunk of memory,
called virtual memory.
 DEVICE DRIVERS:
Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a
computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to web
servers and supercomputers.
 COMMAND INTERPRETATION:
Command interpretation module takes care of interpreting user
commands, and directing system resources to process the
commands.

 NETWORKING:
Most operating systems support a variety of networking protocols,
hardware, and applications for using them which means that
computers running dissimilar operating systems can participate in a
common network for sharing resources such as computing, files,
printers, and scanners using either wired or wireless connections.
 DISK ACCESS AND FILE SYSTEMS:
Access to data stored on disks is a central feature of all operating
systems. Computers store data on disks using files, which are
structured in specific ways in order to allow for faster access, higher
reliability, and to make better use of the drive's available space.
 USER INTERFACE:
The user interface is usually referred to as a shell and is essential if
human interaction is to be supported. The two most common forms
of a user interface have historically been the command-line
interface, where computer commands are typed out line-by-line,
and the graphical user interface, where a visual environment (most
commonly a WIMP) is present.
 SECURITY:
Security module protects the resources and information of a
computer system against destruction and unauthorized
access.

The components of an operating system all exist in order to make the
different parts of a computer work together. All user software needs to
go through the operating system in order to use any of the hardware,
whether it be as simple as a mouse or keyboard or as complex as an
Internet component.
KERNEL:
With the aid of the firmware and device drivers, the kernel provides the
most basic level of control over all of the computer's hardware devices. It
manages memory access for programs in the RAM, it determines which
programs get access to which hardware resources, it sets up or resets
the CPU's operating states for optimal operation at all times, and it
organizes the data for long-term non-volatile storage with file systems
on such media as disks, tapes, flash memory, etc.

 ADVANTAGES:
◦ Easy to use
◦ User friendly
◦ Intermediate between all hardware's and software's of the
system
◦ No need to know any technical languages
◦ Its the platform of all programs
 DISADVANTAGES:
◦ If any problems affected in OS, threat of losing all the
contents which have been stored already
◦ Unwanted user can use one’s own system

 SINGLE- AND MULTI-TASKING:
A single-tasking system can only run one program at a
time, while a multi-tasking operating system allows
more than one program to be running in concurrency.
This is achieved by: time-sharing, dividing the available
processor time between multiple processes that are
each interrupted repeatedly in time slices by a task-
scheduling subsystem of the operating system.

 SINGLE- AND MULTI-USER:
Single-user operating systems have no facilities to
distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to
run in tandem.[5] A multi-user operating system
extends the basic concept of multi-tasking with facilities
that identify processes and resources, such as disk
space, belonging to multiple users, and the system
permits multiple users to interact with the system at the
same time. Time-sharing operating systems schedule
tasks for efficient use of the system and may also
include accounting software for cost allocation of
processor time, mass storage, printing, and other
resources to multiple users.

 DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM
A distributed operating system manages a group of
distinct computers and makes them appear to be a
single computer. The development of networked
computers that could be linked and communicate with
each other gave rise to distributed computing.
Distributed computations are carried out on more than
one machine. When computers in a group work in
cooperation, they form a distributed system.

 TEMPLATED OPERATING SYSTEM
In an Operating System, distributed and cloud
computing context, templating refers to creating a
single virtual machine image as a guest operating
system, then saving it as a tool for multiple running
virtual machines. The technique is used both in
virtualization and cloud computing management, and is
common in large server warehouses.

 EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEM:
Embedded operating systems are designed to be used
in embedded computer systems. They are designed to
operate on small machines like PDAs with less
autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited
number of resources. They are very compact and
extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and MINIX 3
are some examples of embedded operating systems.

 REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM:
A real-time operating system is an operating system
that guarantees to process events or data by a specific
moment in time. A real-time operating system may be
single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, it uses
specialized scheduling algorithms so that a
deterministic nature of behavior is achieved. An event-
driven system switches between tasks based on their
priorities or external events while time-sharing
operating systems switch tasks based on clock
interrupts.

 LIBRARY OPERATING SYSTEM
A library operating system is one in which the services
that a typical operating system provides, such as
networking, are provided in the form of libraries and
composed with the application and configuration code
to construct a unikernel: a specialized, single address
space, machine image that can be deployed to cloud or
embedded environments.

 UNIX AND UNIX-LIKE OPERATING SYSTEMS:
◦ UNIX is an operating system which was first developed in the
1960s, and has been under constant development ever since. It is
a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking system for servers, desktops
and laptops.
◦ UNIX systems also have a graphical user interface (GUI) similar to
Microsoft Windows which provides an easy to use environment.
However, knowledge of UNIX is required for operations which
aren't covered by a graphical program, or for when there is no
windows interface available, for example, in a telnet session.
◦ The most popular varieties of UNIX are Sun Solaris, GNU/Linux,
and MacOS X.

 macOS:
◦ macOS (formerly "Mac OS X" and later "OS X") is a line of open core
graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc.,
the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently shipping Macintosh
computers.
◦ macOS is the successor to the original classic Mac OS, which had been
Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Unlike its predecessor,
macOS is a UNIX operating system built on technology that had been
developed at NeXT through the second half of the 1980s and up until
Apple purchased the company in early 1997.
◦ The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0,
followed in March 2001 by a client version (Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah").
Since then, six more distinct "client" and "server" editions of macOS have
been released, until the two were merged in OS X 10.7 "Lion"

 MICROSOFT WINDOWS:
◦ Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems designed
by Microsoft Corporation and primarily targeted to Intel architecture based
computers, with an estimated 88.9 percent total usage share on Web
connected computers. The latest version is Windows 10.
◦ In 2011, Windows 7 overtook Windows XP as most common version in use.
◦ Microsoft Windows was first released in 1985, as an operating
environment running on top of MS-DOS, which was the standard operating
system shipped on most Intel architecture personal computers at the time.
In 1995, Windows 95 was released which only used MS-DOS as a
bootstrap. For backwards compatibility, Win9x could run real-mode MS-
DOS and 16-bit Windows 3.x drivers. Windows ME, released in 2000, was
the last version in the Win9x family. Later versions have all been based on
the Windows NT kernel. Current client versions of Windows run on IA-32,
x86-64 and 32-bit ARM microprocessors. In addition Itanium is still
supported in older server version Windows Server 2008 R2.

 MICROSOFT DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (MS-DOS)
Microsoft Disk Operating System, MS-DOS is a non-graphical
command line operating system derived from 86-DOS that was
created for IBM compatible computers. MS-DOS originally written by
Tim Paterson and introduced by Microsoft in August 1981 and was
last updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released. MS-DOS
allows the user to navigate, open, and otherwise manipulate files on
their computer from a command line instead of a GUI like Windows.
In MS-DOS, to view a folder one needs to navigate to the folder
using the cd command and then list the files in that folder using the
dir command unlike using a mouse in Microsoft Windows.

 ANDROID:
Android is a Linux based operating system it is designed primarily
for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet
computers. The operating system have developed a lot in last 15
years starting from black and white phones to recent smart phones
or mini computers. One of the most widely used mobile OS these
days is android. The android is software that was founded in Palo
Alto of California in 2003.
The android development supports with the full java programming
language. Even other packages that are API and JSE are not
supported. The first version 1.0 of android development kit (SDK)
was released in 2008 and latest updated version is jelly bean.

 APPLE iOS:
◦ Apple iOS is a proprietary mobile operating system that runs on
the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch.
◦ Apple iOS is based on the Mac OS X operating system for desktop
and laptop computers. The iOS developer kit provides tools that
allow for iOS app development.
◦ Designed for use with Apple's multitouch devices, the mobile OS
supports input through direct manipulation. The system responds
to various user gestures, such as pinching, tapping and swiping.

UNIX DOS MAC OS MS
WINDOWS
LINUX PALM OS/
POCKET
PC
MULTI-USER,
MULTI-
TASKING
SINGLE-USER,
SINGLE-
TASKING
SINGLE-USER,
MULTI-
TASKING
SINGLE-USER,
SINGLE-
TASKING
MULTI-USER,
MULTI-
TASKING
SINGLE-USER,
MULTI-
TASKING
COMMAND-
LINE USER
INTERFACE
COMMAND-
LINE USER
INTERFACE
GUI GUI COMMAND-
LINE USER
INTERFACE,
GUI
GUI
UNIX HAVE
SEVERAL
VERSIONS
BUT LACK
INTEROPERAB
ILITY
DOS HAS
BEEN
REPLACED BY
MS WINDOWS
OS
MAC HAS
EASY-TO-
USE GUI
THE FIRST
TRUE MS
WINDOWS IS
MS WINDOWS
95
LINUX IS AN
OPEN-
SOURCE
SOFTWARE
THEY ARE
SPECIFICALLY
DESIGNED
FOR PDA
NETWORK OS DESKTOP OS DESKYOP OS DESKTOP OS NETWORKOS MOBILE OS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF OPERATING
SYSTEMS: A COMPARISON

 OTHER OPERATING SYSTEMS:
◦ There have been many operating systems that were significant in
their day but are no longer so, such as AmigaOS; OS/2 from IBM
and Microsoft; classic Mac OS, the non-Unix precursor to Apple's
macOS; BeOS; XTS-300; RISC OS; MorphOS; Haiku; BareMetal and
FreeMint. Some are still used in niche markets and continue to be
developed as minority platforms for enthusiast communities and
specialist applications. OpenVMS, formerly from DEC, is still under
active development by Hewlett-Packard.
◦ Yet other operating systems are used almost exclusively in
academia, for operating systems education or to do research on
operating system concepts. A typical example of a system that
fulfills both roles is MINIX, while for example Singularity is used
purely for research.
◦ Other operating systems have failed to win significant market
share, but have introduced innovations that have influenced
mainstream operating systems.

World without Operating system is like human
without heart..

Operating systems

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Operating systems