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CS578: Internet of Things
Introduction to IoT
Definitions, Characteristics, Applications
“I have no special talent. I am only passionately curious.” – Albert Einstein
“I have no special talent. I am only passionately curious.” – Albert Einstein
Dr. Manas Khatua
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE, IIT Guwahati
E-mail: manaskhatua@iitg.ac.in
Dr. Manas Khatua
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE, IIT Guwahati
E-mail: manaskhatua@iitg.ac.in

What is IoT?
2
03-08-2023 Dr. Manas Khatua
 Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of smart physical objects
 physical objects (e.g. devices, vehicles, buildings, etc.) embedded with sensors/actuators,
computation unit, memory unit, power source, and network connectivity,
 which enables the physical object to collect and exchange data,
 analyze the collected data to extract new insight and respond accordingly.
Goal of IoT is to “connect the unconnected”
 “Things” or “objects” that were not supposed to be connected to the Internet
 IoT did the technology transition
in traditional computer networks

Cont…
• Unifications of technologies:
• Embedded systems,
• Low power and low rate network,
• Internet,
• Big data,
• Data analytics,
• Cloud computing,
• Edge Intelligence
• Software defined networks,
• Network and data security
• Etc.
• Alternate Definition:
“The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects that contain embedded
technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external
environment.” – Gartner Research*
03-08-2023 Dr. Manas Khatua 3
* https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/internet-of-things

Brief History of IoT
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 The term "Internet of things" was likely coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble,
later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999.
 “In the 20th century, computers were brains without senses — they only knew what we told them.” Now in the
21st century, computers are sensing things for themselves! – Kevin Ashton
 Early 1980s at the Carnegie Melon University, a group of students created a way to get
their campus Coca-Cola vending machine to report on its contents through a network in
order to save them the trek if the machine was out of Coke.
 In 1990, John Romkey, developer of the first TCP/IP stack for IBM PC in 1983,
connected a toaster to the internet for the first time.
 In 1991, a group of students at the University of Cambridge used a web camera to report
on coffee available in their computer labs coffee pot.
 At the beginning of the 21st Century, LG Electronics introduced the world’s first
refrigerator connected to the internet

Cont…
5
 The popularity of the term IoT did not accelerate until 2010/2011 and reached mass
market in 2013-14.
 Definition of the IoT has evolved over time.
Evolutionary Phases of the Internet
1990
2010 onwards
Early 2000
Post 1993

Benefits of IoT
• Automation
o Machines can assemble parts with more precision and speed, resulting in fewer errors during
assembly
o Robots can very rapidly detect faults that may not be detected by the human eye
• Predictive Maintenance
o Continuous monitoring of systems and processes to identify key indicators of problems before they
result in downtime or system failure
• Process / Efficiency Improvement
o Process improvement affects every aspect of an operation’s bottom line
• Cost Reduction
o When an organization can improve system uptime, automate processes, reduce the risk of failure and
gain insights that support better decision making, and reduce resource usage, the result is efficiency
and cost savings
• Improved/ New Insights
o IoT systems often act as the eyes and ears on remote, hard-to-reach, or widely distributed equipment
and processes.
• Adaptability
o The ability to adapt to new business requirements, customer needs, and changing conditions, or scale
the deployment in response to business growth or customer requirements

IoT vs. WSN
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN):
– WSN refers to a group of specialized dedicated sensors with a communications
infrastructure.
– WSN is primarily used for monitoring and recording the physical environment
conditions like temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity, wind, and so on.
– It is designed to acquire, process, transfer, and provide data/information extracted
from the physical world.
– In a WSN, there is no direct connection to the internet. Instead, the various sensors
connect to some kind of router or central node.
• WSN: Resource constraint sensor nodes + wireless network to connect the
nodes + gather some data by sensing the environment.
• IoT: WSN + Internet + App + Cloud computing + Data Analytics + etc…

IoT vs. M2M
• Machine-to-Machine (M2M): It is a concept where two or more than two
machines communicate with each other without human interaction using a
wired or wireless mechanism.
Basis of IoT M2M
Connection type via (IP) Network and using various
communication types.
Mainly point-to-point
Communication
protocol
IP based protocol Proprietary protocols
Internet Internet connection is required not dependent on the Internet
Data Sharing Data is shared with other
applications (if required)
Data is shared with only the
communicating parties.
Open API Supports Open API integrations. There is no support for Open
API’s
Scalability More devices, more scalable due to
cloud based architecture
Limited devices, less scalable
than IoT
App. Example Smart home, Smart wearables, etc. Sensor telemetry, ATMs in Bank

Growth of IoT Devices
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IoT Analytics’ prediction
Source: https://iot-analytics.com/state-of-the-iot-2020-12-billion-iot-connections-surpassing-non-iot-for-the-first-time/

Where is IoT?
10
It’s everywhere!
Wearable
Tech Devices
Smart Appliances
Healthcare
Industry Automation
and Monitoring

Global IoT Market Share
Source: https://growthenabler.com/flipbook/pdf/IOT%20Report.pdf
Smart Homes
Wearables
Connected Cars
Personal Health
Smart Cities
Healthcare
Industrial IoT
Smart Utilities
& Energy
Retail
26%
26%
20%*
20%*
24%
24%
4%
4%
14%
14%
7%
7%
3%
3%
20%*
20%*
< 2%
< 2%

Global Spending on IoT
Source: https://iot-analytics.com/iot-market-size/

Smart City
Source: https://depositphotos.com/126025652/stock-illustration-smart-city-concept-and-internet.html

Smart Home
Source: https://medium.com/@globalindnews/north-america-accounted-for-major-share-in-the-global-smart-home-healthcare-market-in-2015-cc9cc1974ac5

Smart Healthcare
Source: http://iot.fit-foxconn.com/

Industrial IoT
Source: https://www.winmate.com/Solutions/Solutions_IoT.asp

Connected Cars
Source: Vehicular K. Ziadi, M. Rajarajan, “Internet:
Security & Privacy Challenges and Opportunities”,
Future Internet 2015, 7(3), 257-275.

Google’s Self-Driving Car
Source: https://www.google.com/

Smart Agriculture
Source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/515380751093603767/?lp=true

Livestock Management
Source: https://data-flair.training/blogs/iot-applications-in-agriculture/

Many More ….
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Source: Rajiv Ranjan et. al., “Integrating the IoT
and Data Science” IEEE Cloud Computing, 2018

Main Challenges in IoT
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• millions of devices
are connected to
form IoT
Scale
Scale
• “things” becomes
connected, so
security becomes
complex
Security
Security
• which personal
data to share
with whom
• how to control
Privacy
Privacy
• Devices should remain connected to the
Internet for years
• High network latency
Low Power
Network
Low Power
Network
• various protocol, various architecture
• unavailability of standardized platform
• different technology leads to interoperability issue
• Recent IoT standards are minimizing this problem
Interoperability
Interoperability
• Limited resources
• Limited types of
sensors
Sensors
Sensors
• massive amount of sensor data
• different sources and various forms
• extract intelligence form the heaps of data
Big data and
Data analytics
Big data and
Data analytics

Lessons Learned
 Learned about what is IoT
 Learned the genesis of IoT
 Understand the benefits of IoT
 Learned about the market share of IoT
 Understand the real world applications of IoT
 Understand various challenges IoT implementation is facing

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Figures and slide materials are taken from the following Books:
1. David Hanes et al., “IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols,
and Use Cases for the Internet of Things”, 1st Edition, 2018, Pearson India.
2. Mayur Ramgir, “Internet of Things: Architecture, Implementation and Security”,
1st Edition, 2020, Pearson India.

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