Internetof things complete notes by BHU

CS-353-
Internet of things
"Anything that can be connected, will be connected"

Content
1. Introduction
2. Benefits of IoT
3. Application and use of IoT
4. IoT challenges
5. What needs to be done?
6. Top IoT technologies and trends
7. Future of IoT
8. Q&A
9/14/2024 IoT things presentation - Prof. P K Mishra 2

Genesis of IoT
• IoT Genesis:
• The Internet of Things (IoT) has not been around that long.
• It was only in 1999 that the term ‘internet of things’ was
coined by Kevin Ashton.
• Ashton used the phrase as the title of his presentation for a
new sensor project he was working on and it stuck from there.
• While the phrase came about in 1999, the concept of
connected devices dates back to 1832.

• When the first electromagnetic telegraph was
designed, allowing direct communication
between two machines through the transfer of
electrical signals.
• However, the true Internet of Things history
began with the invention of the Internet in
the late 1960s.

The world’s first IoT device
• The world’s first IoT device was invented in the early 1980s at the
Carnegie Melon University.
• A group of students from the university created a way to get
their campus Coca-Cola vending machine to report on its
contents through a network in order to save them the trek if the
machine was out of Coke.
• They installed micro-switches into the machine to report on
how many Coke cans were available and if they were cold.

The 1990s
• In 1990, John Romkey connected a toaster to the internet for the first time.
• A year later, a group of students at the University of Cambridge used a web
camera to report on coffee.
• They came up with the idea to use the first web camera prototype to monitor
the amount of coffee available in their computer labs coffee pot.
• They did this by programming the web camera to take photos three times a
minute of the coffee pot.
• The photos were then sent to local computers so everyone could see if there
was coffee available.

Paving the way for the future of IoT
• The Internet of Things was a common topic used by the media at the beginning of the 21st Century
with several major developments paving the way for the future of IoT.
• LG Electronics introduced the world’s first refrigerator connected to the internet in 2000.
• Allowing consumers to do their food shopping online and make video calls.
• This invention was followed by a small rabbit-shaped robot in 2005 that could report the latest
news, weather forecasts and stock market changes.
• While the first International Conference on Internet of Things was held in 2008 in Switzerland.
• Today there are more than 27 billion devices connected to the Internet of Things, with experts
expecting this number to rise to over 100 billion devices by 2030.

Summary
• The Internet of Things definition: “Sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects are
linked through wired and wireless networks”
• There are a number of similar concepts but Internet of Things is by far the most popular term to
describe this phenomenon
• The term Internet of Things was invented in 1999, initially to promote RFID technology
• The popularity of the term IoT did not accelerate until 2010/2011 and reached mass market in
early 2014
• M2M or the Industrial internet are not opposing concepts to the Internet of Things. Rather,
they are sub-segments.

Internet of Things definition
•
• Internet of Things = “Sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects are linked through
wired and wireless networks, often using the same Internet Protocol (IP) that connects the
Internet.“

Introduction – what is IoT?
• The Internet of things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are
provided with unique identifiers ( UIDs ) and the ability to transfer data
over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction - IoTAgenda
• A thing in the IoT can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm
animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors
to alert the driver when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-
made object that can be assigned an IP address and is able to transfer data
over a network.
• IoT is a sensor network of billions of smart devices that connect people,
systems and other applications to collect and share data.

Introduction – cont’d
• IoT is a concept of connecting any device with an on and off switch to the
Internet (and/or to each other). This includes everything from cell phones,
coffee makers, washing machines, headphones, lamps, wearable devices and
almost anything else you can think of.
• This also applies to components of machines, for example a jet engine of an
airplane or the drill of an oil rig – Forbes.
• The IoT is a giant network of connected "things" (which also includes
people). The relationship will be between people-people, people-things, and
things-things.
• The dominant consumer IoT device, worldwide, is the smart TV.
• Between 25-35% cent of consumers worldwide own a television that can
connect to the Internet, according to a Deloitte research. However, other
areas of the IoT market are growing rapidly.

Why IOT?
• Organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate more
efficiently, better understand customers to deliver enhanced
customer service, improve decision-making and increase the value of
the business.

IoT ecoystem
• An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use
embedded processors, sensors and communication hardware to
collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments.
• IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT
gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud
to be analyzed or analyzed locally.

Internet of Everything-Fundamental

Top 10 Strategic IoT Technologies and Trends -
GARTNER
1) Trend No. 1: Artificial Intelligence (AI): “Data is the fuel that powers the IoT
and the organization’s ability to derive meaning from it will define their long
term success.”
2) Trend No. 2: Social, Legal and Ethical IoT: These include ownership of data
and the deductions made from it, algorithmic bias, privacy and compliance
with regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation.
“Successful deployment of an IoT solution demands that it’s not just
technically effective but also socially acceptable.”
3) Trend No. 3: Infonomics and Data Broking: The theory of infonomics takes
monetization of data further by seeing it as a strategic business asset to be
recorded in the company accounts. By 2023, the buying and selling of IoT
data will become an essential part of many IoT systems.

Top 10 Strategic IoT Technologies and Trends –
GARTNER (cont’d)
4) Trend No. 4: The Shift from Intelligent Edge to Intelligent Mesh: The shift
from centralized and cloud to edge architectures is well under way in the
IoT space. These mesh architectures will enable more flexible, intelligent
and responsive IoT systems — although often at the cost of additional
complexities.
5) Trend No. 5: IoT Governance: As the IoT continues to expand, the need for
a governance framework that ensures appropriate behaviour in the
creation, storage, use and deletion of information related to IoT projects
will become increasingly important.
6) Trend No. 6: Sensor Innovation: The sensor market will evolve continuously
through 2023. New sensors will enable a wider range of situations and
events to be detected.

Top 10 Strategic IoT Technologies and Trends –
GARTNER (cont’d)
7) Trend No. 7: Trusted Hardware and Operating System: ‘.. by 2023, we
expect to see the deployment of hardware and software combinations
that together create more trustworthy and secure IoT systems…’.
8) Trend 8: Novel IoT User Experiences: User experience driven by 4 factors:
new sensors, new algorithms, new experience architectures and context,
and socially aware experiences.
9) Trend No. 9: Silicon Chip Innovation: By 2023, it’s expected that new
special-purpose chips will reduce the power consumption required to run
IoT devices.
10)Trend No. 10: New Wireless Networking Technologies for IoT: IoT
networking involves balancing a set of competing requirements. In
particular they should explore 5G, the forthcoming generation of low
earth orbit satellites, and backscatter networks.

Benefits of IoT
IoT offers a number of benefits to organizations, enabling them to:
1. Monitor their overall business processes;
2. Improve the customer experience;
3. Save time and money;
4. Enhance employee productivity;
5. Integrate and adapt business models;
6. Make better business decisions; and
7. Generate more revenue.

Consumer and enterprise IoT applications
Source:
https://internetof
thingsagenda.tec
htarget.com/defi
nition/Internet-
of-Things-IoT

The smart world of the future – using Iot
Source:
https://www.forb
es.com/sites/jaco
bmorgan/2014/0
5/13/simple-
explanation-
internet-things-
that-anyone-can-
understand/#ef2
433f1d091

Sample: Consumer IoT Products & Services
1. Helmet Concussion Sensor
2. Medical Alert Watch
3. Smart Fitness Clothing and Smart Running Shoes
4. One-Button Product Purchases: “Order at the click of a button!” Amazon
has taken that phrase literally and produced physical branded buttons
called Amazon Dash that link to products in your home.
• Say you run out of laundry powder.
• You can press your Dash button for Surf Excel Matic liquid and Amazon will
reorder your Surf Excel Matic liquid product for you.
• No need to sign onto the Web, fumble with payment methods, or retype
credit card numbers.
1. Garden Sensors
2. Smart Televisions

Helmet concussion sensor
https://www.amazon.com/
Shockbox-LM2004-EXT-
MultiSport-Helmet-
Sensor/dp/B00DVHA1LM?i
mprToken=NXcTrCppNfgrAo
2MA1K7ig&slotNum=2&Su
bscriptionId=AKIAIO22DD3
AFUSKXUKQ&tag=makeusw
-
20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2
025&creative=165953&cre
ativeASIN=B00DVHA1LM

Amazon DASH
https://www.
amazon.com
/b?ie=UTF8&
node=17729
534011

Kinsa thermometer
Monitoring
your
temperature
and can call
your doctor as
necessary

Connected car story
Source:
https://www.businessinsider.com/connect
ed-car-statistics-manufacturers-2015-
2?IR=T
The connected car is equipped with
internet connections and software that
allow people to stream music, look up
movie times, be alerted of traffic and
weather conditions, and even power
driving-assistance services such as self-
parking.

Smart farming: Use of IoT to improve agriculture
• In IoT-based smart farming, a system is built for monitoring the crop field with the
help of sensors (light, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, etc.) and automating
the irrigation system.
• The farmers can monitor the field conditions from anywhere.
• This is highly efficient compared to the traditional/conventional approach.
• In terms of environmental issues, IoT-based smart farming provides great benefits
including: better and efficient water usage, and optimization of inputs and
treatments.
• Therefore, smart farming based on IoT technologies enables growers and farmers to
reduce waste and enhance productivity.
• Some of the IoT applications in this area are:
i. Precision farming
ii. Agricultural drones
iii. Livestock monitoring
iv. Smart greenhouses

Industrial IoT (IIoT)
• Industrial IoT (IIoT) focusses on the use of cyber-physical systems to
monitor the physical factory processes and make data-based
automated decisions.
• While the physical systems are made the intelligent using IoT, the
real-time communication, and cooperation both with each other and
with humans is established via the wireless web
• IIoT brings in the concept of ‘a connected factory leads to a smart
factory’.

IIoT in Manufacturing
1. Digital/connected factory: IoT enabled machinery can transmit
operational information to the partners like original equipment
manufacturers and to field engineers.
2. Facility management: The use of IoT sensors in manufacturing
equipment enables condition-based maintenance alerts.
3. Production flow monitoring: IoT in manufacturing can enable the
monitoring of production lines starting from the refining process
down to the packaging of final products.
4. Inventory management: IoT applications permit the monitoring of
events across a supply chain.

IIoT in manufacturing (cont’d)
5. Plant Safety and Security: IoT combined big data analysis can improve
the overall workers’ safety and security in the plant. .
6. Quality Control: IoT sensors collect aggregate product data and other
third-party syndicated data from various stages of a product cycle.
7. Packaging Optimization: By using IoT sensors in products and/or
packaging, manufacturers can gain insights into the usage patterns
and handling of product from multiple customers.
8. Logistics and Supply Chain Optimization: The Industrial IoT (IIoT) can
provide access to real-time supply chain information by tracking
materials, equipment, and products as they move through the supply
chain.

IOT CHALLENGES
Security, privacy and data sharing issues
• Because IoT devices are closely connected, all a hacker has to do is exploit one
vulnerability to manipulate all the data, rendering it unusable.
• And manufacturers that don't update their devices regularly -- or at all -- leave them
vulnerable to cybercriminals.
• However, hackers aren't the only threat to the internet of things; privacy is another
major concern for IoT users.
• For instance, companies that make and distribute consumer IoT devices could use
those devices to obtain and sell users' personal data.
• Challenges with IIoT:
i. Security of data – same as above
ii. Reliability and stability – of IIoT sensors
iii. Connectivity of all the systems in IIoT setup – no maintenance envisioned?
iv. Blending legacy systems – IIoT is new in the market

What NEEDS TO be done?
1. Consumer education
2. Product reviews and comparisons
3. Vulnerability disclosure and vulnerability markets
4. Self-certification and voluntary codes of practice
5. Trust marks and labels like Internet Society’s Online Trust Alliance (OTA) IoT Trust
Framework
6. Government initiatives
7. Mandated security requirements
8. Mandated certification
9. Liability reform
10. Etc.
11. No intervention!?

The future of IoT
• Bain & Company expects annual IoT revenue of hardware and software to exceed $550
billion by 2023.
• McKinsey & Company estimates IoT will have an $11.1 trillion impact by 2025.
• IHS Markit believes the number of connected IoT devices will increase 12% annually to
reach 125 billion in 2030.
• Gartner assesses that 20.8 billion connected things will be in use by 2020, with total spend
on IoT devices and services to reach $3.7 trillion in 2021.
• By 2023, the average CIO will be responsible for more than three times as many endpoints
as this year – Gartner
• Garter forecasts that worldwide IoT Security Spending will be 3.11 billion by 2021 largely
driven by regulatory compliance.
• Great improvements in the security of IoT devices driven by manufacturers’ own initiatives
as well users’ demand for better secure devices.
• Global manufacturers will use analytics data recorded from connected devices to analyze
processes and identify optimization possibilities, according to IDC and SAP.
• Business Insider forecasts that by 2020, 75 percent of new cars will come with built-in IoT
connectivity.

Internet of Things (IoT) Gateways
• Gateway provides bridge between different communication
technologies which means we can say that a Gateway acts as a
medium to open up connection between cloud and controller(sensors
/ devices) in Internet of Things (IoT).
• By the help of gateways, it is possible to establish device to device
or device to cloud communication.
• A gateway can be a typical hardware device or software program.
• It enables a connection between sensor network and Internet along
with enabling IoT communication,

• it also performs many other tasks such as this IoT gateway performs protocol translation,
aggregating all data, local processing and filtering of data before sending it to cloud, locally
storing data and autonomously controlling devices based on some inputted data, providing
additional device security.
• The below figure shows how IoT Gateways establish communication between sensors and
cloud (Data System) :

IoT Gateway

• As IoT devices work with low power consumption Battery power) in other
words they are energy constrained so if they will directly communicate to
cloud/internet it won’t be effective in terms of power.
• So, they communicate with Gateway first using short range wireless
transmission modes/network like ZigBee, Bluetooth, etc as they consume less
power or they can also be connected using long range like Cellular and WiFi
etc.
• Then Gateway links them to Internet/ cloud by converting data into a standard
protocol like MQTT.
• Using ethernet, WiFi/cellular or satellite connection.

• And in mostly Gateway is Mains powered unlike sensor nodes
which are battery powered.
• In practice there are multiple Gateway devices.
• Let’s think about a simple IoT gateway, then our smartphone
comes into picture as it can also work as a basic IoT gateway when
we use multiple radio technologies like WiFi, Bluetooth, Cellular
network of smart phone to work on any IoT project in sending and
receiving data at that time this also acts as a basic IoT Gateway.

Key functionalities of IoT Gateway :
• Establishing communication bridge
• Provides additional security.
• Performs data aggregation.
• Pre processing and filtering of data.
• Provides local storage as a cache/ buffer.
• Data computing at edge level.
• Ability to manage entire device.
• Device diagnostics.
• Adding more functional capability.
• Verifying protocols.

Working of IoT Gateway :
• Receives data from sensor network.
• Performs Pre processing, filtering and cleaning on unfiltered data.
• Transports into standard protocols for communication.
• Sends data to cloud.
• IoT Gateways are key element of IoT infrastructure as Gateways
establish connection for communication and also performs other task as
described above.
• So, IoT Gateway is one of most essential thing when we start think
about an IoT ecosystem.
•

IoT Wearable Technology

1.43% believe that wearables devices will replace
smartphones in future
2.30% commit to wear at least 5 wearables by 2020
for various purpose
3.57% believe wearables will submerge dependency
on friends/ family
4.52% people would love to watch TV in wearables
screen

Some Challenges which we can face while
developing such product?
•Security might cause some problems by
manipulating physical hardware.
•Battery life can cause some problem when
device is measuring data from many
sensors.

• What can be done with data that have been collected from wearable
gadgets?
• Data analytics (e.g can give different set of advices such as change battery
of device in 15 days).
• Predictive analysis (e.g Health Care).
• Event Triggers (e.g Turn the Geyser On when returning from workout).
• Given the way that a little gadget might be worn on a piece of the body not
ordinarily in see or effortlessly open, the conceivable outcomes for a
human-machine interface (HMI) are somewhat restricted — and
unquestionably do exclude a huge show or console
.

• In numerous cases, physical catches in favor of a watch can be set to
various alternatives with catch blends and the present capacity
showed on the screen. This still doesn’t add up to a very rich user
interface. The technology uses Phone as a gateway to transmit the
data and the cloud services help to achieve different goals.

Edge Computing
• Edge computing is a distributed computing paradigm that
brings computation and data storage closer to the sources of data.
This is expected to improve response times and save bandwidth.[
• "A common misconception is that edge and IoT are synonymous.
• Edge computing is a topology- and location-sensitive form of
distributed computing, while IoT is a use case instantiation of edge
computing.
• "The term refers to an architecture rather than a specific technology.
• ]

• The origins of edge computing lie in content distributed
networks that were created in the late 1990s to serve web and
video content from edge servers that were deployed close to
users.
• In the early 2000s, these networks evolved to host applications
and application components at the edge servers, resulting in the
first commercial edge computing services that hosted
applications such as dealer locators, shopping carts, real-time
data aggregators, and ad insertion engines.

• One definition of edge computing is any type of computer
program that delivers low latency nearer to the requests.
• Karim Arabi, in an IEEE DAC 2014 Keynote and subsequently in
an invited talk at MIT's MTL Seminar in 2015, defined edge
computing broadly as all computing outside the cloud happening
at the edge of the network, and more specifically in applications
where real-time processing of data is required. In his
definition, cloud computing operates on big data while edge
computing operates on "instant data" that is real-time data
generated by sensors or users.
• The term is often used synonymously with fog computing.
• According to The State of the Edge report, edge computing
concentrates on servers "in proximity to the last mile network.

• "Alex Reznik, Chair of the ETSI MEC ISG standards committee
loosely defines the term: "anything that's not a traditional data center
could be the 'edge' to somebody."
• Edge nodes used for game streaming are known as gamelets, which
are usually one or two hops away from the client.Per Anand and
Edwin say "the edge node is mostly one or two hops away from the
mobile client to meet the response time constraints for real-time
games' in the cloud gaming context."
• Edge computing may employ virtualization technology to make it
easier to deploy and run a wide range of applications on edge
servers.

• Privacy
• Security
• Scalability
• Relaiability
• Speed
• Efficiency

IoT –Ecosystem(edge computing)

: Evolution of health monitoring technologies into smaller and wearable devices (White, 2011), (The
History of the Electrocardiogram), (Digital Fingertip Pulse Oximeter), (Harvey C. Nathanson), (Eight
years of Fitbit news leading up to its planned IPO), (Hall, 2019)Wearable health devices are already
capable of measuring multiple vitals through various

• The wearable health technologies field is flourishing
due to the emergence of MEMS technology, enabling these
devices to shrink to the size of your standard
wristwatch. They allow for continuous tracking and
immediate feedback of the customer’s health. The current
trajectory of the industry will result in wearable
health technologies able to track more physiological
signals, thus improving the health of consumers through
patient awareness. Is this the true future of the
wearable health technologies industry? As possible risks
are rising from these new technologies, the benefits
will outweigh these risks.

Infographics- WT

References
1. https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com
2. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jacobmorgan/2014/05/13/simple-explanation-internet-things-that-anyone-
can-understand/#ef2433f1d091
3. https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2018-11-07-gartner-identifies-top-10-strategic-iot-
technologies-and-trends
4. https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2018-03-21-gartner-says-worldwide-iot-security-
spending-will-reach-1-point-5-billion-in-2018
5. https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/internet-things-10-useful-products-must-try-2016/
6. “Internet of Things Research Study”, http://www8.hp.com/us/en/hp-news/press-release.html?id=1909050
[Hewlett Packard (2015)]
7. https://security.radware.com/ddos-threats-attacks/threat-advisories-attack-reports/iot-devices-threat-
spreading/
8. https://www2.deloitte.com/ng/en/pages/technology-media-and-telecommunications/articles/global-mobile-
consumer-survey.html
9. https://www.newgenapps.com/blog/8-uses-applications-and-benefits-of-industrial-iot-in-manufacturing
10. https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/202339/Industry%2040%20eBook.pdf
11. https://www.iotforall.com/iot-applications-in-agriculture/

End
Thanks for listening

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