CSS 10 _Unit2 presentation in grade 10 students

LESSON 1
Understanding
Basic Computer
Concepts

Introduction
We all know that computers are
essential pieces of technology that
we use to make life easier and
perform jobs faster.

Objectives
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
•Differentiate the different types of computers;
•Enumerate the three fundamental elements of a
computer;
•Identify the different storage, processing, and
Input/Output devices of a computer
•Describe each of the components of the system unit;
and
•Differentiate the hand tools and equipment used in
computer servicing.

A computer increases our productivity,
connects us to the internet, lets us talk
with people across the world, help us
store a lot of information, and even make
money!
In this lesson, we will start with the
basics
We want to understand how the
computer works, how many types of
computers are there, what are the
functions of the computer, and more!

Introduction
TOPIC 1: The Computer
In technical terms, the computer is a device that
accepts information in the form of digitalized data, and
manipulates it for some result based on a program or
sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.

Introduction
TOPIC 2: Types of Computers

LESSON 2
Basic
Hardware
Components
of Computer
Systems

Introduction
TOPIC 1: Computer System
A computer system consists of hardware and
software components. As important as the
software which are the programs that run the
computer, the hardware is the physical
equipment such as the case, storage drives,
keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers, and
printers that builds up and let the software run
It is important to learn about these
components as these will be the basis before
you handle equipment especially in
disassembling and assembling a computer
system.

Introduction

Processing Devices
Processing devices are the computer’s circuitry in the
system unit.

Processing Devices
• Motherboard – the circuit board housing the memory and the central
processing unit (CPU)

Processing Devices
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) – manipulates input data into the
information needed by the users

Processing Devices
• Memory– also known as Random Access Memory of RAM. It is a series of electronic elements that act
as temporary storage of data and program instructions while the instructions are being processed by
the CPU

Processing Devices
• Chips– these make up the CPU and the memory; these are electronic devices that contain many
microscopic pathways designed to carry electrical currents

Storage Devices
Storage devices store data and programs. These hold
data, information, and programs permanently.

Storage Devices
• Solid State Drive (SSD) – mass storage device that stores data in a
permanent state even without power. Similar to an HDD’s function, only the
internal components are different. SSDs do not have moving parts but store
data on magnetic platters making use of flash memory.

Storage Devices
•Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – often called hard drive or hard disk. This is the
most common storage device that do not need power to maintain data; these
store data through spinning platters or magnetic disks, recording individual
bits written into the disk.

Storage Devices
•Flash Drive – highly portable small data storage devices making use of flash
memory and a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port connection

Storage Devices
•CD – “compact disc”, this storage device can hold up to 700 MB; it is read by
an optical drive through a laser

Input Devices
Input devices allow the user to communicate with the
computer by entering data or commands.

Input Devices
•Keyboard – primary input device used to input alphanumeric data and
commands to the computer

Input Devices
•Mouse – primary input device used to navigate and interact with the
monitor output

Input Devices
•Scanner – scans documents and converts them digitally, which can be edited
on a computer.

Input Devices
•Webcam – small cameras attached to a monitor or desk that record or
broadcast video

Input Devices
•Joystick – device used to control video games, aside from the keyboard

Output Devices
Output devices enable the computer to show the
processed data and information understandably to the
user.

Input Devices
• Printer – prints paper documents, photographs, and other outputs called
hard copies which are physical versions of the documents.

Input Devices
• Monitor – acts as the primary display of the unit where the user interface
and programs are reflected.

Input Devices
• Speakers – sound system device that produce audio output from the
computer

TOPIC 2: The System Unit
The System Unit is the overall structure that
houses the processor, memory, and electronic
components of the computer that are used to process
data. All input and output devices are connected into the
system unit. The system unit is housed by what is known
as system case or computer case. It holds and protects
most components of a computer.

The Computer Case contains the framework to support
and enclose internal components of the computer. It
helps to prevent damage from static electricity. It
typically made up of plastic, steel, and aluminum which
are available in a variety of styles. The size and layout of
a case is called a form factor. It is also designed to
keep internal components cool by using airflow vents
and cooling fans.

Power Supply
Power supplies serve as the source for electricity
to the computer. Attached are vital hardware
cables and buses for transferring power to various
components in the computer.

Power Supply

Power Supply
The following are the basic connector you can see in a power supply:
•ATX 24 pin main power connector is the standard motherboard power
connector used in nearly every computer.
•SATA 15 pin power supply connector is one of several standard peripheral
power connectors. SATA power connectors only connect to SATA drives like
hard drives and optical drives. SATA power connectors do not work with
older PATA devices.
•Molex 4 pin power supply connector is a standard peripheral power
connector. Molex power connectors connect to many different kinds of
internal peripherals including PATA hard drives and optical drives, some
video cards, and even some other devices.

Power Supply
•Floppy drive 4 pin power supply connector is the standard floppy drive
power connector. The floppy power connector, also called a Berg connector or
Mini-Molex connector, is included in even the newest power supplies even
though floppy drives are becoming obsolete.
•ATX 4 pin power supply connector is a standard motherboard power
connector used to provide +12 VDC to the processor voltage regulator. This
small connector usually attaches to the motherboard near the CPU.
•ATX 6 pin power supply connector is a motherboard power connector used
to provide +12 VDC to the processor voltage regulator but the 4-pin variety is
the more commonly used connector. This small connector usually attaches to
the motherboard near the CPU.

Motherboard
The motherboard is also known as mainboard, system
board, logic board, or MOBO. It holds and allows
communication between the crucial components of the
computer such as the CPU and memory. It also provides
connection for other peripherals. This provides the path
which the processor (CPU) communicates with all the
components of the computer.

TOPIC 2: The
System Unit
Motherboard

Motherboard
There are several components that are attached to the motherboard.
These include:
1. Chip – small piece of semiconducting material, where more
integrated circuits are embedded. They have standard-sized pin
connectors that allows them to be attached to the motherboard.
2. Bus - an electrical path that enables data flow between various
system components.
3. Integrated Circuit (IC) – contains microscopic pathways that
carry electric current. The IC contains millions of elements such as
resistors, capacitators, and transistors. Many different kinds of chips
are located in the motherboard
4. Microprocessor – this is the central processing unit on a chip.

Motherboard
Different variety of chip packages:
1. Dual Inline Package (DIP) – this has two parallel rows of
pints that attach the chip package to the circuit board
2. Pin Grid Array (PGA) – holds a larger number of pins
because the pins are mounted on the surface of the package.
3. Flip Chip-PGA (CF-PGA) Package – higher performance
PGA packaging that places the chip on the opposite sides of
the pins.
4. Single Edge Contact (SEC) Cartridge – does not use pins
but connects to one of the edges in the motherboard.

Motherboard

Motherboard
The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the
board. It also describes the physical layout of the different components
and devices on the motherboard. Various form factors exist for
motherboards:
•AT – Advanced Technology
•ATX – Advanced Technology Extended
•Mini-ATX – Smaller footprint of ATX
•Micro-ATX – Smaller footprint of ATX
•LPX – Low-profile Extended
•NLX – New Low-profile Extended
•BTX – Balanced Technology Extended

Motherboard
The function of the northbridge is primarily a fast path
between the CPU and the video bus and system RAM. While the
southbridge connects with the slow hardware/components of
the system.
See the photo below (courtesy of Quora) to understand the
function of these bridges:

CPU
Commonly known as the CPU or processor, this is the brain of
the computer. It interprets and carries out the basic
instructions to operate a computer.
It impacts overall computing power and manages most of the
computer operations. The motherboard contains a socket to
hold the processor or CPU. The central processing unit (CPU),
also called the processor or microprocessor, does most of the
processing of data and instructions for the entire system.
Because the CPU generates heat, a fan and heat sink might be
installed on top to keep it cool.

CPU
Nowadays, processors have multiple cores called multi-core
processors. This means that the processor is a single chips that has two
or more separate processors. In multi-core processors, each of the
processors run at a slower clock speed as compared to a single-core
processor, but this efficient process typically increases performance.
There are two kinds of common multi-core processors today:
1. Dual Core Processor – chip that contains two separate processors
2. Quad Core Processor – chip with four separate processors

TOPIC 2: The
System Unit
CPU
AMD and Intel are the two most
popular brands of processors in
the market nowadays.
Bundled with the processors are
the heat sinks. A heat
sink consists of metal fins that
draw heat away from a
component. The fan and heat sink
together are called the processor
cooler. The photo below shows a
CPU with a heat sink mounted on
the motherboard.

Random Access Memory
(RAM)
The Random Access Memory or RAM acts as
temporary storage as long as the computer is
running. The contents of the RAM change as
programs are executed. These are chips that
are placed directly on the motherboard. These
RAM consists of switches which are triggered by
changes in electric current.

Three basic types of RAM:
1. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – This kind of RAM needs to be recharged by the CPU. If not, it loses
its contents. There are many variations of DRAM such as:
o Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) – faster than DRAM because it is synchronized to the system
clock
o Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM – faster than SDRAM because they transfer data twice for each
clock cycle
o DDR2 and DDR3 SDRAM – faster than DDR SDRAM
o ambus DRAM (RDRAM) – type of DRAM faster than SDRAM that uses pipelining techniques
2. Static RAM (SRAM) – This kind is faster and more reliable than any form of DRAM. Unlike
the DRAM, this does not need to be re-energized. However, it is much more expensive and it
used for special purposes.
3. Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) – This kind stores data using magnetic charges instead of
electrical charges. It has greater storage capacity, consume less power, and faster access times.
(RAM)

(RAM)
The RAM chips are housed in a small circuit board called the memory
module, which is inserted into the motherboard.
Three types of memory modules:
1. Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) – this has pins on
opposite sides of the circuit board which connect together to form a
single set of contacts. This houses SDRAM chips along with DIMMs.
2. Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) – the pins on the opposite
sides of the circuit board do not connect and form two sets of
contacts. This houses SDRAM chips along with SIMMs.
3. Rambus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) – this houses RDRAM
chips

(RAM)
The computer will need a certain amount of memory to be able to handle
programs, data, and information, depending on the types of applications
used.
The more RAM a computer has, the faster the computer will be.
•To be able to use basic application software such as Office Suite, one
needs at least 1GB of RAM.
•Using programs and multimedia should have at least 4GB.
•Playing modern games or using editing software will require at least
8GB.
Today the RAM ranges up to 64GB depending on the programs that will be
used for the computer.

Cooling Technology
Cooling technologies are essential in avoiding the
computer from overheating and maintaining a good,
well-ventilated system.
Several cooling technologies are present throughout the system
unit:
o Fans are also present in several components such as the
power supply, ports, processor, hard disk etc.
o Heat sink, on another hand, is a small metal or ceramic
component with fins on the surface which absorbs and
distributes heat produced by electrical components.
o Heat pipe is used on smaller devices like notebook
computers since this is smaller in size.

There are also other variants of expansion cards such
as network cards, sound cards, video capture cards,
interface cards, and other expansion cards that cater to
whatever the computer user for his/her needs and
improvements for the system.
Expansion Cards
A motherboard has expansion slots to be used by
expansion cards. An expansion card, also called
an adapter card, is a circuit board that provides
more ports than those provided by the
motherboard.
The photo below shows a Video Card, where it
provides three video ports. Notice the cooling fan
and heat sink on the card, which help to keep the
card from overheating. The trend today is for most
ports in a system to be provided by the
motherboard (called onboard ports) and less use
of expansion cards.

Storage
A system might have one or more hard drives, an
optical drive, a tape drive, or, for really old
systems, a floppy drive.
A hard drive, also called a hard disk drive
(HDD), is permanent storage used to hold data
and programs.
For example, the Windows operating system and
applications are installed on the hard drive. All
drives in a system are installed in a stack of drive
bays at either the front or on the lower portion of
the case. Nowadays, users use Solid State Drive
or SSDs because of its use of flash memory,
which does not use physical disks to write
memory/data.
Each drive has two connections for cables: the power cable connects to the
power supply and another cable, used for data and instructions, connects to
the motherboard.

TOPIC 3: Ports, Sockets,
Slots, & Connectors
The motherboard has several ports, sockets, slots, and connectors that link
the computers' components, input, and output devices among each other.
First we'll look at the port which are usually found at the side of the
motherboard or the back of the system case.
The port basically serves as an interface between the computer and other
computers or peripheral devices.
A port generally refers to the female part of connection. Computer ports
have many uses, to connect a monitor, webcam, speakers, or other
peripheral devices.
On the physical layer, a computer port is a specialized outlet on a piece of
equipment to which a plug or cable connects. Electronically, the several
conductors where the port and cable contacts connect, provide a method to
transfer signals between devices.

Slots, & Connectors
Familiarize yourself with the following ports usually found with computer
systems below:

Slots, & Connectors
Short Quiz
1
2
3
5
4
6
7
8
10
9

Slots, & Connectors

Slots, & Connectors
The following are the most common sockets found in the motherboard. The
CPU socket where the CPU itself is inserted and the CMOS slot where the
CMOS battery (which lets the motherboard remember the date and time of
the computer) that is replaced after it has worn out.

LESSON 3: Hand Tools and Equipment
Most tools used in computer system
servicing are hand tools. These can be part
of a computer repair toolkit as well. In this
lesson, you will learn about the common
hand tools and equipment that you will be
using especially in handling computer
equipment such as disassembly/assembly
of a computer, as well as repair and
maintenance.

When working with electronic equipment, it is important to make sure that there is no static electricity to
avoid damage of computer parts.
Static electricity can be easily generated by friction on carpets, clothing, hair, fabric, flooring, etc.
Thus, these tools should be utilized:
TOPIC 1: Electrostatic Discharge
Tools
Anti-static wrist wrap
Worn to prevent ESD damage to
computer hardware
Anti-static mat
Used to stand on or place tools to
prevent buildup of static electricity.

TOPIC 3: Cleaning Tools
Lint-free cloth
For cleaning computer parts without
leaving marks or scratches.
Compressed air
For clearing or blowing away dust from
computer parts.
Cable Ties
Used to organize and bundle cable
together.
Parts organizer
For holding and organizing screws and
other small computer parts.

TOPIC 4: Diagnostic Tools
Digital Multimeter
A tool that can be used to measure amps, volts, and ohms. It
can test the integrity of circuits and the quality of electricity
in computer components. Information is flashed on the
screen.
Loopback Adapter
Also called as loopback plug. This tool tests the basic
functionality of computer ports. The adapter is specific to
the port that you want to test.
Toner Probe
A two-part tool that generates a tone that travels the length of
the cable. The toner part is attached to a cable at one end
using specific adapters, such as RJ-45, coaxial, or metal clips.
When the probe is near to the cable where the toner is
attached, a tone can be heard from the speaker.

Prepared by:
MARY CRIS C. AMOR

CSS 10 _Unit2 presentation in grade 10 students

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