Bio MEMS 21BR741 MODULE 04 NOTES MUSE Mys

Bio MEMS 21BR741 MODULE 04 NOTES MUSE Mys

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  Mysore University Schoolof Engineering 8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006 Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006 BIO-MEMS (21BR741) MODULE 04 NOTES
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  Mysore University Schoolof Engineering 8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006 Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006 Module 04: Course Content 4.0 Emerging Bio-MEMS Technology: 4.1 Minimally invasive Surgery, 4.2 Cardiovascular, 4.3 Diabetes, 4.4 Endoscopy, 4.5 Oncology, 4.6 Ophthalmology, 4.7 Tissue Engineering, 4.8 Cell-Based Biosensors, 4.9 Home land Security.
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  Mysore University Schoolof Engineering 8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006 Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006 4.0 Emerging Bio-MEMS Technology: Bio-MEMS refers to microfabricated devices that integrate biological and mechanical functions at the micro or nanoscale. These systems play a crucial role in advancing medical applications by enabling real-time, minimally invasive monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment. Below are detailed notes on how Bio-MEMS technologies are used in various fields: Bio-MEMS technologies are integral in a variety of emerging applications, from healthcare to security. These technologies enable precise, real-time monitoring and control with minimal invasiveness, making them transformative across numerous fields. As the technology advances, we can expect even more sophisticated devices that will revolutionize diagnostics, treatment, and overall patient care. 4.1 Minimally Invasive Surgery Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) reduces the physical impact of traditional surgery, typically using smaller incisions and specialized instruments, often guided by cameras and robotic arms. Types & Methods: • Endoscopic Surgery: Utilizes small cameras and surgical instruments to perform surgery through tiny incisions. • Robotic-Assisted Surgery: Incorporates robotic systems that provide precision in minimally invasive procedures. Materials Used: • Biocompatible materials like titanium and stainless steel for tools. • Flexible MEMS-based sensors and actuators for motion control. Bio-MEMS Applications: • Instruments: MEMS-based devices (like microtools) allow for highly precise manipulation in small surgical spaces. • Robotics & Sensors: MEMS sensors in robotic arms or endoscopes provide real-time feedback on pressure, temperature, and position during surgery. Advantages: • Reduced risk of infection. • Faster recovery time. • Smaller incisions, leading to minimal scarring.
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  Mysore University Schoolof Engineering 8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006 Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006 Procedure: 1. Incision: A small incision is made for device insertion (e.g., camera or microtools). 2. Surgical Action: Micro-robotic tools or manual instruments are controlled with precision for tissue manipulation. 3. Post-Surgery: Real-time monitoring through MEMS sensors helps adjust surgery if needed, and ensures precision. 4.2 Cardiovascular Bio-MEMS technology is used in cardiovascular applications for monitoring heart conditions, drug delivery, and intervention. Types & Methods: • Implantable Devices: Devices such as pacemakers or stents with MEMS sensors. • Cardiac Monitoring: Continuous real-time monitoring through wearable MEMS devices. • Microfluidic Platforms: To study cardiovascular diseases on-chip. Materials Used: • Biocompatible materials like silicon, titanium, and platinum for sensors and implants. • MEMS sensors to measure heart rate, pressure, and oxygen levels. Bio-MEMS Applications: • Pacemakers & Defibrillators: MEMS sensors help adjust pacing rates based on real-time data. • Wearables & Implants: Implantable sensors monitor conditions such as hypertension, arrhythmias, or even arterial blockages. Advantages: • Continuous real-time cardiovascular monitoring. • Minimally invasive procedures for device implantation. • Reduced risks associated with traditional heart surgeries. Procedure: 1. Device Implantation: Devices like pacemakers or sensors are implanted into the body via minimally invasive techniques. 2. Monitoring: The MEMS sensors monitor various cardiovascular metrics like blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation. 3. Data Feedback: The data is transmitted to an external device for further analysis and immediate treatment adjustments if necessary.
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  Mysore University Schoolof Engineering 8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006 Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006 4.3 Diabetes In diabetes care, Bio-MEMS technology enables continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and precise insulin delivery. Types & Methods: • Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGM): MEMS sensors for non-invasive or minimally invasive glucose monitoring. • Insulin Pumps: MEMS-based pumps that adjust insulin delivery based on glucose readings. Materials Used: • Biocompatible sensors such as silicon, gold, and platinum for detecting glucose levels. • Microelectromechanical components for insulin infusion systems. Bio-MEMS Applications: • CGM Systems: MEMS-based devices are implanted under the skin or worn on the body to continuously monitor glucose levels. • Smart Insulin Delivery: MEMS-based pumps deliver insulin in real-time based on sensor data. Advantages: • Continuous monitoring without the need for frequent finger pricks. • Real-time data allows for better diabetes management. • More precise insulin delivery, reducing the risk of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Procedure: 1. Implantation/Attachment: A MEMS sensor is implanted or attached to the skin to measure glucose levels. 2. Continuous Monitoring: The sensor transmits glucose data to a device or insulin pump. 3. Insulin Adjustment: The insulin pump automatically adjusts the insulin dosage based on real-time glucose levels. 4.4 Endoscopy Endoscopy is a procedure used to look inside the body with a flexible tube (endoscope), often used to visualize the gastrointestinal tract. Types & Methods: • Capsule Endoscopy: Swallowable, MEMS-powered capsules equipped with cameras and sensors. • Micro-endoscopes: Miniature endoscopes that allow for highly detailed imaging of organs. Materials Used: • Biocompatible polymers for capsule construction. • MEMS cameras, microactuators, and sensors for enhanced imaging.
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  Mysore University Schoolof Engineering 8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006 Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006 Bio-MEMS Applications: • Capsule Endoscopes: MEMS-based devices within the capsules capture images of the GI tract. • Microactuators: Used to steer and control the endoscope or capsule as it moves through the body. Advantages: • Minimally invasive, often no incisions are needed. • High-resolution imaging enables early diagnosis of conditions like cancer or ulcers. • Remote monitoring and instant feedback. Procedure: 1. Capsule Ingestion: A patient swallows a capsule containing MEMS sensors and a camera. 2. Data Capture: The capsule moves through the digestive tract, capturing images and data. 3. Data Analysis: Images are transmitted externally for diagnostic purposes. 4.5 Oncology In oncology, Bio-MEMS technologies are used for cancer detection, monitoring, and treatment delivery. Types & Methods: • Biosensors for Tumor Markers: MEMS- based sensors detect specific biomarkers related to cancer. • Microfluidic Devices: For testing and processing cancer cell samples. • Drug Delivery Systems: MEMS devices release targeted drugs at cancer sites. Materials Used: • Biocompatible sensors and polymers for tumor detection. • MEMS devices to support controlled drug delivery systems. Bio-MEMS Applications: • Cancer Diagnostics: MEMS biosensors can detect the presence of cancerous cells or specific biomarkers, providing early detection. • Targeted Treatment: MEMS-based implantable devices release chemotherapy or immunotherapy drugs directly to tumor sites. Advantages: • Non-invasive or minimally invasive cancer diagnostics. • Real-time data for personalized treatment approaches.
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  Mysore University Schoolof Engineering 8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006 Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006 • Targeted drug delivery reduces side effects. Procedure: 1. Sample Collection or Sensor Implantation: MEMS biosensors are either implanted or used to test biological samples for cancer markers. 2. Data Analysis: Cancer biomarkers are detected and analyzed. 3. Drug Delivery: MEMS devices release drugs at the tumor site, enhancing treatment effectiveness. 4.6 Ophthalmology Bio-MEMS technology is transforming ophthalmology by providing advanced solutions for the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. Types & Methods: • Intraocular Pressure Sensors: MEMS sensors monitor pressure inside the eye to detect glaucoma. • Ophthalmic Implants: MEMS-based retinal implants or prosthetics for restoring vision. • Micro-Ophthalmoscope: Miniature optical sensors for detailed retinal imaging. Materials Used: • MEMS-based cameras for imaging. • Silicon, titanium, and biocompatible polymers for sensors and implants. Bio-MEMS Applications: • Glaucoma Monitoring: MEMS-based pressure sensors help monitor intraocular pressure continuously. • Retinal Implants: MEMS-based systems are used to replace damaged retinal cells, helping in vision restoration. Advantages: • Early detection and treatment of eye conditions. • Continuous intraocular pressure monitoring. • Minimally invasive and less costly procedures. Procedure: 1. Sensor Implantation: MEMS sensors are implanted in the eye to measure intraocular pressure. 2. Continuous Monitoring: The sensor transmits real-time data to an external device. 3. Treatment: Depending on the data, treatments are adjusted to prevent eye damage. 4.7 Tissue Engineering
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  Mysore University Schoolof Engineering 8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006 Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006 Bio-MEMS plays a significant role in tissue engineering by creating microenvironments for cell growth and the regeneration of tissues.v Types & Methods: • Microstructured Scaffolds: MEMS technology creates scaffold structures to support cell growth. • Organ-on-a-chip: MEMS devices replicate the functions of organs for research or drug testing. Materials Used: • Biodegradable polymers and hydrogels for scaffolds. • MEMS sensors for monitoring cell growth and environmental conditions. Bio-MEMS Applications: • Scaffolds: MEMS microstructures provide a 3D environment for cells to grow and regenerate tissues. • Organ-on-a-chip: MEMS-based microfluidic systems simulate organ systems, allowing for better research on drug effects. Advantages: • Supports tissue regeneration without the need for organ transplantation. • Personalized approaches to tissue repair. • Enables real-time monitoring of tissue growth and quality. Procedure: 1. Cell Seeding: Cells are seeded into a MEMS scaffold, where they grow into tissues. 2. Environmental Monitoring: MEMS sensors monitor parameters such as temperature, pH, etc. 3. Regeneration: The tissue grows and matures, with the possibility of implantation for repair. 4.8 Cell-Based Biosensors Cell-based biosensors use living cells to detect specific biological markers or environmental changes. Types & Methods: • Whole-Cell Sensors: Cells are integrated into MEMS devices to detect chemical, physical, or biological stimuli. • Enzyme-Linked Biosensors: Enzyme reactions used to detect analytes. Materials Used: • Biocompatible substrates like silicon and gold. • Functionalized materials for biomolecule recognition.
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  Mysore University Schoolof Engineering 8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006 Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006 Bio-MEMS Applications: • Diagnostic Biosensors: MEMS-based sensors can detect specific diseases or environmental toxins by analyzing cellular responses. • Toxicity Testing: Cells on MEMS chips can be used to assess the toxicity of substances for drug development. Advantages: • High sensitivity and specificity. • Ability to detect various biological analytes. • Real-time monitoring and detection. Procedure: 1. Cell Integration: Living cells are placed on MEMS chips or in microfluidic devices. 2. Sensing Mechanism: The device detects the biochemical or physical changes caused by analytes. 3. Signal Processing: Data from the cells is processed to provide results on the presence of disease. 4.9 Homeland Security Bio-MEMS technology in homeland security is used for detecting biological threats and monitoring environmental hazards. Types & Methods: • Bio-detection Systems: MEMS-based sensors to detect biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or toxins. • Environmental Monitoring: MEMS sensors measure contaminants in air, water, and surfaces. Materials Used: • MEMS-based sensors for pathogen detection. • Portable, ruggedized MEMS devices for field use. Bio-MEMS Applications: • Biological Agent Detection: MEMS sensors help detect harmful pathogens in the environment. • Environmental Monitoring: MEMS sensors detect chemical, biological, or radiological hazards. Advantages: • Early detection of biological threats. • Compact, portable, and cost-effective systems. • Real-time monitoring for timely responses. Procedure: 1. Deployment: MEMS sensors are deployed in sensitive areas to monitor for biological threats. 2. Continuous Monitoring: The sensors collect data on the presence of pathogens or contaminants. 3. Alert System: If a threat is detected, alerts are sent to authorities for immediate action.
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  Mysore University Schoolof Engineering 8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006 Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006 Modal Questions 3 to 4 Marks Questions (Note: The following questions can be combined to form questions for 8 to 10 Marks) 1) Explain Bio-MEMS Technology in Minimally invasive Surgery, 2) Explain Bio-MEMS Technology in Cardiovascular Treatments 3) Explain Bio-MEMS Technology in Diabetes control 4) Explain Bio-MEMS Technology in Endoscopy 5) Explain Bio-MEMS Technology in Oncology 6) Explain Bio-MEMS Technology in Ophthalmology 7) Explain Bio-MEMS Technology in Tissue Engineering 8) Write a Note on Bio-MEMS Technology in Cell-Based Biosensors system 9) Write a Note on Bio-MEMS Technology in Home land Security System