Sec 06 Basics Data Structure & Array Implementation .pdf

Basics Data Structure & Array Implementation
ADT
Data Structure Sec 06
Prepared by: Abdullah Emam
Fayoum international Technological University, Department of Information
Technology

Data Structures
Definition: A data structure is a way of organizing and
storing data so that it can be accessed and modified
efficiently.
Purpose: To process data logically and optimize
performance in programs.

Classification of Data Structures
 Primitive Data Structures
• Integer, Float, Character, Boolean
 Non-Primitive Data Structures
• Linear: Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues
• Non-Linear
• Hash

Arrays
 Fixed-size, indexed collection of elements of the same type.
 Pros: Fast access using indices (O(1)).
 Cons: Static size, costly insert/delete.
 Example:
int arr[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

Linked Lists
Dynamic data structure consisting of nodes pointing
to the next node.
Types: Singly, Doubly, Circular
Pros: Dynamic size, efficient insert/delete.
Cons: Slow access time (O(n)).
Example Node Structure:
class Node {
int data;
Node* next;
};

Stack (LIFO)
 Last-In, First-Out structure.
 Operations: push(), pop(), top(), isEmpty()
 Used in: Function calls, expression parsing.
stack<int> s;
s.push(10);

Queue (FIFO)
Student s1;
s1.name = "Alice";
s1.age = 20;

Practical Applications of Data Structures
➢ Real-World Examples:
• Trees: File system directories.
• Graphs: Social network connections.
• Hash Tables: Database indexing.
• Heaps: Task scheduling systems.
➢ Case Study:
❑ Implementing a Contact List:
• Array: Suitable for a fixed number of contacts with quick index-based access.
• Linked List: Suitable for a dynamic list where contacts are frequently added or
removed.
• Hash Table: Suitable for quick search operations based on contact names.

Introduction to ADT (Abstract Data Type)

ADT (Abstract Data Type)
• ADT is a logical description of how data is viewed
and the operations on it.
• Does not depend on implementation.
• Examples of ADTs: List, Stack, Queue, Tree
List ADT:
• A collection of ordered elements.
• Elements can be inserted or deleted at specific
positions.
• Types: Singly List, Doubly List, Circular List, Array-
based List

Array-Based List ADT Overview
• Uses a fixed-size array to store elements.
• Elements are contiguously stored in memory.
• Efficient random access, but costly
insertions/deletions in the middle.

Operations in Array List ADT
❖Create Structure of Array
❖Insert(pos, value): Add element at given
index
❖Remove(pos): Remove element at index
❖Search(value): Find index of element
❖Display(): Print all elements
❖isEmpty() / isFull(): Check list status

Structure of Array-Based List
class ArrayADT {
private:
int* arr;
int capacity;
int size;
arr: Pointer to dynamic array
capacity: Maximum number of
elements the list can store
size: Current number of elements

Constructor & Destructor
ArrayADT(int cap) {
capacity = cap;
size = 0;
arr = new int[capacity];
}
~ArrayADT() {
delete[] arr;
}
Explanation:
Allocates dynamic memory
using new.
Frees memory in destructor.

Check if the array is empty Or full
// Check if the array is empty
bool isEmpty() {
return size == 0;
}
// Check if the array is full
bool isFull() {
return capacity == size;
}

Insert Operation
void insert(int value, int pos) {
if (isFull()) {
cout << "Array is fulln";
return;
}
if (size >= capacity || pos < 0 || pos > size) {
cout << "Insert failed.n";
return;
}
for (int i = size - 1; i >= pos; i--)
{ arr[i + 1] = arr[i];}
arr[pos] = value;
size++;
}

Remove Operation
void remove(int pos) {
if (isEmpty()) {
cout << "Array is emptyn";
return;
}
if (pos < 0 || pos >= size) {
cout << "Delete failed.n";
return;
}
for (int i = pos; i < size - 1; i++)
arr[i] = arr[i + 1];
size--;
}

Search Operation
int search(int value) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (arr[i] == value)
return i;
}
return -1;
} Explanation:
•Returns index of first occurrence or -1 if
not found.

Update Operation
void update(int pos, int value) {
cout << "Update failed.n";
return;
}
arr[pos] = value;
}
Explanation:
•Directly updates value at given
index.

Get Operation
int get(int pos) {
cout << "Invalid position.n";
return -1;
}
return arr[pos];
}
Explanation:
•Returns value at a given index.

Display Operation
void display() {
cout << "Array: ";
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
cout << arr[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
Explanation:
•Traverses and prints all elements.

Main Function Example
int main() {
ArrayADT a(10);
a.insert(10, 0);
a.insert(20, 1);
a.insert(15, 1);
a.display();
a.remove(1);
a.display();
int index = arr.Search(15);
if (index != -1) cout << "Element found at index " << index << "n";
else cout << "Element not foundn";
cout << (arr.isEmpty() ? "Array is emptyn" : "Array is not emptyn");
cout << (arr.isFull() ? "Array is fulln" : "Array is not fulln");
return 0;
}

Complete Code
class ArrayADT {
private:
int* arr;
int capacity;
int size;
public:
ArrayADT(int cap) {
capacity = cap;
size = 0;
arr = new int[capacity];
}
~ArrayADT() {
delete[] arr;
}
void insert(int value, int pos) {
if (size >= capacity || pos < 0 || pos > size)
{ cout << "Insert failed.n";
return; }
for (int i = size - 1; i >= pos; i--)
{ arr[i + 1] = arr[i];}
arr[pos] = value;
size++;}
void remove(int pos) {
cout << "Delete failed.n";
return;
}
for (int i = pos; i < size - 1; i++)
arr[i] = arr[i + 1];
size--;
}
int search(int value) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (arr[i] == value)
return i;
}
return -1;
}

void update(int pos, int value) {
cout << "Update failed.n";
return;
}
arr[pos] = value;
}
int get(int pos) {
cout << "Invalid position.n";
return -1;
}
return arr[pos];
}
void display() {
cout << "Array: ";
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
cout << arr[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
};
int main() {
ArrayADT a(10);
a.insert(10, 0);
a.insert(20, 1);
a.insert(15, 1);
a.display();
a.remove(1);
a.display();
cout << "Index of 20: " << a.search(20) <<
endl;
a.update(1, 99);
a.display();
cout << "Element at index 1: " << a.get(1)
<< endl;
cout << (arr.isEmpty() ? "Array is emptyn" :
"Array is not emptyn");
cout << (arr.isFull() ? "Array is fulln" :
"Array is not fulln");
return 0;
}

Sec 06 Basics Data Structure & Array Implementation .pdf

Sec 06 Basics Data Structure & Array Implementation .pdf

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Sec 06 Basics Data Structure & Array Implementation .pdf