Rural development Notes for unit 4 (2).pdf

Rural development Notes for unit 4 (2).pdf

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  Short Notes forunit 4 Rural Development Planning and Admisnitration Human Resource Development (HRD) is a crucial aspect of rural development, as it involves the process of developing and improving the skills, knowledge, and capabilities of people living in rural areas. The need for HRD in the rural sector arises from the fact that rural areas are often characterized by poverty, limited access to basic amenities, inadequate infrastructure, and low levels of education and skills. Therefore, effective HRD initiatives can help in addressing these challenges and improving the standard of living of the rural population. The elements of HRD in the rural sector can be broadly categorized into three aspects: institutional development, human resource development, and infrastructure development. Institutional development involves creating or strengthening institutions that are responsible for planning, implementing, and monitoring rural development programs. Human resource development includes various initiatives aimed at enhancing the knowledge, skills, and capabilities of rural people, including training, skill development, education, and health initiatives. Infrastructure development involves creating or improving infrastructure such as roads, electricity, water supply, and communication networks to support rural development. The dimensions of HRD for rural development include health, education, energy, skill development, training, nutritional status, and access to basic amenities. Health: Improving the health status of rural populations is crucial for rural development. HRD initiatives in the health sector can include providing basic health services, creating awareness about hygiene and sanitation, and implementing preventive measures against diseases. Education: Education is a critical aspect of HRD in rural areas. HRD initiatives in education can include building schools, providing scholarships, improving the quality of education, and promoting adult literacy. Energy: Access to energy is essential for rural development. HRD initiatives in the energy sector can include creating awareness about energy conservation, promoting the use of renewable sources of energy, and providing access to electricity.
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  Skill Development: Skilldevelopment is crucial for creating employment opportunities and enhancing the income of rural populations. HRD initiatives in skill development can include providing vocational training, promoting entrepreneurship, and creating linkages between training and employment. Training: Training is an essential component of HRD in rural areas. HRD initiatives in training can include capacity building of local institutions and communities, creating training programs for specific sectors, and promoting the use of ICT tools for training. Nutritional Status: Malnutrition is a significant problem in rural areas. HRD initiatives in nutritional status can include promoting awareness about nutrition, providing access to nutritious food, and creating linkages between agriculture and nutrition. Access to Basic Amenities: Access to basic amenities such as water, sanitation, and housing is essential for rural development. HRD initiatives in this area can include creating awareness about hygiene and sanitation, promoting community participation in infrastructure development, and creating linkages between housing and employment opportunities. Population composition: The population composition of rural areas is diverse, with different age groups, gender, and social groups. HRD initiatives need to be designed to address the specific needs and challenges of different population groups, including women, children, and marginalized communities. In summary, HRD is crucial for rural development, and the elements of HRD in the rural sector include institutional development, human resource development, and infrastructure development. The dimensions of HRD for rural development include health, education, energy, skill development, training, nutritional status, and access to basic amenities. HRD initiatives need to be designed to address the specific needs and challenges of different population groups in rural areas.
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  Unit IV Human ResourceDevelopment (HRD) and its need in rural sector Human Resource Development (HRD) is the major function of Human Resource Management. Human Resource Development is defined as the policies and programs that support for equitable opportunities. It is necessary for continuing acquisition and application of skill and knowledge which is beneficial to individual organization and is equally beneficial to the community. Human resource development in India consist of urban development as well as the rural development.
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  Need for humanresource development in rural sector: Human Resource Development is broadly defined as increasing people's knowledge, awareness and skills. It plays a significant role in the development of individuals and families. Many of the rural poor lack marketable skills, which severely limits their opportunities for earning On a wide scale HRD can improve socio-economic outcomes for families and entire villages. This is especially beneficial for men and women who do not have high levels of formal education and/or are operating micro-enterprises to support their families. The work itself which generates a higher degree of responsibility for the workforce. The individual who grows personally and professionally. The work output of improved quality resulting from increased responsibilities. Organizational functions and structures built in an open system (concern for both individual and organizational development). Thus, the components or elements of HRDs are the individual growth , the organizational development and the work output. Dimensions of HRD for Rural Development Health Dimension refers to the constituent elements or characteristics of human resources. It stands for size or number, nature, extent, component, aspect or characteristics of human or population resource. The notion of human resource development dimensions is very complicated as it has interconnections with several approaches and has involvement of variables of multiple natures. In terms of building resources of an rural area the dimensions of
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  human resource developmentare of primary importance. Human resource development dimensions occupy the central position in geographical study of a rural area. It is the basis upon which other kind of development for peace and prosperity of population of rural area depend. Health Dimension Human Development Report has considered health as the dimension of population and stressed that the assessment of it is essential in the progress of human resource development. Health as a Human Resource Development dimension consist both the physical and mental health of an individual. Physical dimension refers to the state of the body, its composition, development, functions, maintenance, etc. Mental dimension refers to right, fit and healthy creative abilities of a mind. The physical and mental dimensions of health are the essential components of human resource development and play instrumental role in every kind of physical and intellectual growth of an individual. Both address about how the human resource ingredients relating to the physical and mental aspects of individuals change or stay the same over time. The overall performance of human resource development is the result of both the physical and mental health which is found varying during different stages of life span of an individual. Health is an important indicator of human resources development because an improvement in health promotes learning, improves stamina and increases energy output. Education Dimension Human Development Report has considered education as the dimensions of population and stressed that the assessment of it is essential in progress of human resource development. This dimension is essentially meant for enhancing, upgrading, improving and increasing the status of mental or intellectual capability such as learning, memory, reasoning, thinking, competence and other intellectual capacity of an individual. Education is important for raising or developing knowledge, skills, talents, attitude, aptitude, awareness and other creativity and ability of individual persons. Education is one of the most important characteristics of qualitative dimensions of human resources. Education enhances knowledge, skills, energies, interests, attitudes, aptitudes and other inherent qualities of people. Education plays a vital role and give new vistas in eradicating poverty and mental isolation of people in the society.
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  Skill Development Dimension Humandevelopment report has considered skill development as the dimensions of population and stressed that the assessment of it is essential in the progress of human resource development. Skill development can take place through formal and non formal learning process. Skill development is the process of developing intellectual and physical capabilities of individual for use in socially productive spheres to serve the needs of the people in a society at large. Skill development is the qualitative dimensions of human resource development. Skill development is essential for developing knowledge, talents, attitude, aptitude, awareness and other creativity and ability of individual persons. Training Dimension Human Development Report has considered training as the dimension of population and stressed that the assessment of it is essential in the progress of human resource development. Training is the qualitative dimension of human resource development. Training helps in development of experience, knowledge, talents of an individual. Training can take place through formal and non formal learning process. Nutritional Status Dimension Nutritional status is a measure of the health condition of an individual as affected primarily by the intake of food and utilization of nutrients. Good nutritional status can only be realized and sustained when individuals within families and communities are food-secure. Food security is defined as access by all people at all times to the food needed for a healthy life. Food security has three important dimensions- I. Adequate availability of food supplies II. Assured access to sufficient food for all individuals and III. Its proper utilization to provide a proper and balanced diet. Nutrition is one of the important components of human resource development. A well- nourished, healthy workforce is a pre-condition for sustainable development. Nutrition plays a critical role in human resource development since deficiencies in essential nutrients lead to malnutrition, which affects an individual's mental and physical state, resulting in poor health and poor work performance. Healthier people can transform their energy into productivity more efficiently than undernourished people. Better health and nutrition can immediately increase the workers' current strength, energy and ability to concentrate on job and thereby increases the productivity of workers.
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  Access to BasicAmenities Dimension Access to basic amenities like drinking water, sanitation, electricity, housing, drainage and others are crucial to the well-being as they contribute to physical and material comfort and quality of life. They also benefit by ensuring better health, environment and providing opportunities for other useful activities. There have been several initiatives, plans and programmes in Indi improve the access to basic amenities. For the development of India's rural areas, the Bharat Nirman was launched. Under Bharat Nirman, action is proposed in the areas of irrigation, road, rural housing, rural water supply, rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity. Another landmark initiative is the launch of Provision of Urban Amenities to Rural Areas (PURA). PURA is a strategy for rural development in India. The primary objectives of the scheme are the provision of livelihood opportunities and urban amenities in rural areas to bridge the rural urban divide. Following are various basic amenities who's access needs improvement- Access to Drinking Water Facility  40 percent of rural households in India lack access to drinking water.  20 percent of urban households in India lack access to drinking water.  This shows a huge divide between urban and rural India in terms of access to drinking water a key indicator for development. Access to Sanitation Facilities  Lack of adequate sanitation is a pressing challenge in rural India.  Lack of adequate sanitation forces households to use open space for defecation, which is an acute problem especially for women and young girls.  Improving access to sanitation is therefore appropriately included in the Millennium Development Goals. Access to Electricity use for Domestic Purpose  Although official estimates indicate that 85% of Indian villages are electrified, fewer than 60 % of Indian households actually consume electricity.  Until recently, the main policy has been to extend the grid to villages in rural areas in order to emphasize productive uses for agriculture.  Today, there is a new emphasis on making sure rural households have access to and adopt electricity.  Household electrification depends on household characteristics, the degree of
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  community electrification, andthe quality of electricity supply. Access to Quality Housing  The right to adequate housing is recognized as a basic human right.  The flagship scheme of the Government of India in this regard is Indira Awas Yojna.  In spite of this there is housing shortage in rural India. Access to drainage arrangement  Good health is closely related to the status of water supply and drainage.  The high rate of incidence of death and disease in rural areas can be attributed to lack of proper drainage.  Hence special and immediate attention towards drainage arrangement in the house is needed in rural areas. Population Composition To understand the role of people as a resource, we need to know more about their qualities. People vary greatly in their age, gender, literacy level, health condition, occupation and income level. It is essential to understand these characteristics of the people. Population composition refers to the structure of the population. The composition of population helps us to know how many are males or females, which age group they belong to, how educated they are and what type of occupations they are employed in, what their income levels and health conditions are. An interesting way of studying the population composition of a country is by looking at the population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid. Population Pyramid I. A population pyramid is a graphical illustration of the distribution of a population by age groups and gender, it typically forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing. II. The shape of the population pyramid tells the story of the people living in that particular country. III. The numbers of children (below 15 years) are shown at the bottom and reflect the level of births. IV. The size of the top shows the numbers of aged people (above 65 years) and reflects the number of deaths.
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  V. The populationpyramid also tells us how many dependents there are in a country. VI. The population pyramid of a country in which birth and death rates both are high is broad at the base and rapidly narrows towards the top. VII. This is because although, many children are born, a large percentage of them die in their infancy, relatively few become adults and there are very few old people. VIII. In countries where death rates (especially amongst the very young) are decreasing, the pyramid is broad in the younger age groups, because more infants survive to adulthood. IX. This can be seen in the pyramid for India. Such populations contain a relatively large number of young people and which means a strong andexpanding labour force.