IntroHTML- Web Design with HTML, CSS and JavaScript

Introduction to HTML
MIT - AITI

What is HTML?
• HTML, otherwise known as HyperText
Markup Language, is the language used to
create Web pages
• Using HTML, you can create a Web page
with text, graphics, sound, and video

Tags
• The essence of HTML programming is tags
• A tag is a keyword enclosed by angle
brackets ( Example: <I> )
• There are opening and closing tags for
many but not all tags; The affected text is
between the two tags

More Tags...
• The opening and closing tags use the same
command except the closing tag contains
and additional forward slash /
• For example, the expression <B>
Warning </B> would cause the word
‘Warning’ to appear in bold face on a Web
page

Nested Tags
• Whenever you have HTML tags within
other HTML tags, you must close the
nearest tag first
• Example:
<H1> <I> The Nation </I> </H1>

Structure of a Web Page
• All Web pages share a
common structure
• All Web pages should
contain a pair of
<HTML>, <HEAD>,
<TITLE>, and
<BODY> tags
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Example </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
This is where you would include
the text and images on your Web
page.
</BODY>
</HTML>

The <TITLE> Tag
• Choose the title of your Web page
carefully; The title of a Web page
determines its ranking in certain search
engines
• The title will also appear on Favorite lists,
History lists, and Bookmark lists to identify
your page

Text Formatting
• Manipulating text in HTML can be tricky;
Oftentimes, what you see is NOT what you
get
• For instance, special HTML tags are needed
to create paragraphs, move to the next line,
and create headings

Text Formatting Tags
<B> Bold Face </B>
<I> Italics </I>
<U> Underline </U>
<P> New Paragraph </P>
<BR> Next Line

Changing the Font
• The expression <FONT FACE = “fontname”>
… </FONT> can be used to change the font of
the enclosed text
• To change the size of text use the
expression <FONT SIZE=n> …. </FONT>
where n is a number between 1 and 7

Changing the Font
• To change the color, use <FONT
COLOR=“red”>…. </FONT>; The color
can also be defined using hexadecimal
representation ( Example: #ffffff )
• These attributes can be combined to change the
font, size, and color of the text all at once; For
example, <FONT SIZE=4 FACE=“Courier”
COLOR=“red”> …. </FONT>

Headings
• Web pages are typically organized into
sections with headings; To create a heading
use the expression <Hn>….</Hn> where n
is a number between 1 and 7
• In this case, the 1 corresponds to the largest
size heading while the 7 corresponds to the
smallest size

Aligning Text
• The ALIGN attribute can be inserted in the
<P> and <Hn> tags to right justify, center,
or left justify the text
• For example, <H1 ALIGN=CENTER> The
New York Times </H1> would create a
centered heading of the largest size

Comment Statements
• Comment statements are notes in the HTML
code that explain the important features of
the code
• The comments do not appear on the Web
page itself but are a useful reference to the
author of the page and other programmers
• To create a comment statement use the  tags

The Infamous Blink Tag
• It is possible to make text blink using the
<BLINK> … </BLINK> tag
• However, it is best to use this feature at most
sparingly or not at all; What seems like a
good idea to a Web designer can become
very annoying to a Web user
• The <BLINK> tag is not supported by
Internet Explorer

Page Formatting
• To define the background color, use the
BGCOLOR attribute in the <BODY> tag
• To define the text color, use the TEXT
attribute in the <BODY> tag
• To define the size of the text, type
<BASEFONT SIZE=n>

Example
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Example </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR=“black” TEXT=“white”>
<BASEFONT SIZE=7>
This is where you would include the text and images on your Web
page.
</BODY>
</HTML>

Inserting Images
• Type <IMG SRC = “image.ext”>, where
image.ext indicates the location of the image
file
• The WIDTH=n and HEIGHT=n attributes
can be used to adjust the size of an image
• The attribute BORDER=n can be used to add
a border n pixels thick around the image

Alternate Text
• Some browsers don’t support images. In
this case, the ALT attribute can be used to
create text that appears instead of the
image.
• Example:
<IMG SRC=“satellite.jpg” ALT = “Picture
of satellite”>

Links
• A link lets you move from one page to
another, play movies and sound, send email,
download files, and more….
• A link has three parts: a destination, a
label, and a target
• To create a link type
<A HREF=“page.html”> label </A>

Anatomy of a Link
<A HREF=“page.html”> label </A>
• In the above link, “page.html” is the
destination. The destination specifies the
address of the Web page or file the user will
access when he/she clicks on the link.
• The label is the text that will appear
underlined or highlighted on the page

Example: Links
• To create a link to CNN, I would type:
<A HREF=“http://www.cnn.com”>CNN</A>
• To create a link to MIT, I would type:
<A HREF=“http://www.mit.edu”>MIT</A>

Changing the Color of Links
• The LINK, VLINK, and ALINK attributes can
be inserted in the <BODY> tag to define the
color of a link
– LINK defines the color of links that have not been
visited
– VLINK defines the color of links that have already
been visited
– ALINK defines the color of a link when a user
clicks on it

Using Links to Send Email
• To create a link to an email address, type
<A HREF=“mailto:email_address”>
Label</A>
• For example, to create a link to send email
to myself, I would type: <A HREF=“mailto:
ktdunn@mit.edu”>email Katie Dunn</A>

Anchors
• Anchors enable a user to jump to a specific
place on a Web site
• Two steps are necessary to create an
anchor. First you must create the anchor
itself. Then you must create a link to the
anchor from another point in the document.

Anchors
• To create the anchor itself, type <A
NAME=“anchor name”>label</A> at the
point in the Web page where you want the
user to jump to
• To create the link, type <A
HREF=“#anchor name”>label</A> at the
point in the text where you want the link to
appear

Example: Anchor
<A HREF="#chap2">Chapter Two</A><BR>
<A NAME="chap2">Chapter 2 </A>
Link
Anchor

Ordered Lists
• Ordered lists are a list
of numbered items.
• To create an ordered
list, type:
<OL>
<LI> This is step one.
<LI> This is step two.
<LI> This is step three.
</OL>
Here’s how it would
look on the Web:

More Ordered Lists….
• The TYPE=x attribute allows you to change
the the kind of symbol that appears in the
list.
– A is for capital letters
– a is for lowercase letters
– I is for capital roman numerals
– i is for lowercase roman numerals

Unordered Lists
• An unordered list is a
list of bulleted items
• To create an unordered
list, type:
<UL>
<LI> First item in list
<LI> Second item in list
<LI> Third item in list
</UL>
Here’s how it would
look on the Web:

More Unordered Lists...
• The TYPE=shape attribute allows you to
change the type of bullet that appears
– circle corresponds to an empty round bullet
– square corresponds to a square bullet
– disc corresponds to a solid round bullet; this is
the default value

Forms
 What are forms?
• An HTML form is an area of the document that
allows users to enter information into fields.
• A form may be used to collect personal
information, opinions in polls, user preferences
and other kinds of information.

Forms
• There are two basic components of a Web
form: the shell, the part that the user fills
out, and the script which processes the
information
• HTML tags are used to create the form
shell. Using HTML you can create text
boxes, radio buttons, checkboxes, drop-
down menus, and more...

Example: Form
Text Box
Drop-down Menu
Radio Buttons
Checkboxes
Text Area
Submit
Reset Button

The Form Shell
• A form shell has three important parts:
– the <FORM> tag, which includes the address
of the script which will process the form
– the form elements, like text boxes and radio
buttons
– the submit button which triggers the script to
send the entered information to the server

Creating the Shell
• To create a form shell, type <FORM
METHOD=POST ACTION=“script_url”>
where “script_url” is the address of the
script
• Create the form elements
• End with a closing </FORM> tag

Creating Text Boxes
• To create a text box, type <INPUT
TYPE=“text” NAME=“name”
VALUE=“value” SIZE=n
MAXLENGTH=n>
• The NAME, VALUE, SIZE, and
MAXLENGTH attributes are optional

Text Box Attributes
• The NAME attribute is used to identify the text
box to the processing script
• The VALUE attribute is used to specify the text
that will initially appear in the text box
• The SIZE attribute is used to define the size of
the box in characters
• The MAXLENGTH attribute is used to define
the maximum number of characters that can be
typed in the box

Example: Text Box
First Name: <INPUT
TYPE="text"
NAME="FirstName"
VALUE="First Name"
SIZE=20>
<BR><BR>
Last Name: <INPUT
TYPE="text"
NAME="LastName"
VALUE="Last Name"
SIZE=20>
<BR><BR>
• Here’s how it would
look on the Web:

Creating Larger Text Areas
• To create larger text areas, type <TEXTAREA
NAME=“name” ROWS=n1 COLS=n2
WRAP> Default Text </TEXTAREA>, where
n1 is the height of the text box in rows and n2
is the width of the text box in characters
• The WRAP attribute causes the cursor to move
automatically to the next line as the user types

Example: Text Area
<B>Comments?</B>
<BR>
<TEXTAREA NAME="Comments" ROWS=10
COLS=50 WRAP>
</TEXTAREA>

Creating Radio Buttons
• To create a radio button, type <INPUT
TYPE=“radio” NAME=“name”
VALUE=“data”>Label, where “data” is the
text that will be sent to the server if the
button is checked and “Label” is the text
that identifies the button to the user

Example: Radio Buttons
<B> Size: </B>
<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="Size"
VALUE="Large">Large
VALUE="Medium">Medium
VALUE="Small">Small

Creating Checkboxes
• To create a checkbox, type <INPUT
TYPE=“checkbox” NAME=“name”
VALUE=“value”>Label
• If you give a group of radio buttons or
checkboxes the same name, the user will
only be able to select one button or box at a
time

Example: Checkboxes
<B> Color: </B>
<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="Color"
VALUE="Red">Red
VALUE="Navy">Navy
VALUE="Black">Black

Creating Drop-down Menus
• To create a drop-down menu, type <SELECT
NAME=“name” SIZE=n MULTIPLE>
• Then type <OPTION VALUE= “value”>Label
• In this case the SIZE attribute specifies the
height of the menu in lines and MULTIPLE
allows users to select more than one menu
option

Example: Drop-down Menu
<B>WHICH IS FAVOURITE FRUIT:</B>
<SELECT>
<OPTION VALUE="MANGOES">MANGOES
<OPTION VALUE="PAPAYA">PAPAYA
<OPTION VALUE="GUAVA">GUAVA
<OPTION VALUE="BANANA"> BANANA
<OPTION VALUE="PINEAPPLE">PINEAPPLE
</SELECT>

Creating a Submit Button
• To create a submit button, type <INPUT
TYPE=“submit”>
• If you would like the button to say something
other than submit, use the VALUE attribute
• For example, <INPUT TYPE=“submit”
VALUE=“Buy Now!”> would create a
button that says “Buy Now!”

Creating a Reset Button
• To create a reset button, type <INPUT
TYPE=“reset”>
• The VALUE attribute can be used in the
same way to change the text that appears on
the button

Tables
• Tables can be used to display rows and
columns of data, create multi-column text,
captions for images, and sidebars
• The <TABLE> tag is used to create a table;
the <TR> tag defines the beginning of a row
while the <TD> tag defines the beginning of
a cell

Adding a Border
• The BORDER=n attribute allows you to
add a border n pixels thick around the table
• To make a solid border color, use the
BORDERCOLOR=“color” attribute
• To make a shaded colored border, use
BODERCOLORDARK=“color” and
BORDERCOLORLIGHT=“color”

Creating Simple Table
<TABLE BORDER=10>
<TR>
<TD>One</TD>
<TD>Two</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Three</TD>
<TD>Four</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
• Here’s how it would
look on the Web:

Adjusting the Width
• When a Web browser displays a table, it
often adds extra space. To eliminate this
space use the WIDTH =n attribute in the
<TABLE> and <TD> tags
• Keep in mind - a cell cannot be smaller than
its contents, and if you make a table wider
than the browser window, users will not be
able to see parts of it.

Centering a Table
• There are two ways to center a table
– Type <TABLE ALIGN=CENTER>
– Enclose the <TABLE> tags in opening and
closing <CENTER> tags

Wrapping Text around a Table
• It is possible to wrap text around a table. This
technique is often used to keep images and
captions together within an article.
• To wrap text around a table, type <TABLE
ALIGN = LEFT> to align the table to the left
while the text flows to the right.
• Create the table using the <TR>, <TD>, and
</TABLE> tags as you normally would

Adding Space around a Table
• To add space around a table, use the
HSPACE=n and VSPACE=n attributes in
the <TABLE> tag
• Example:
<TABLE HSPACE=20 VSPACE=20>

Spanning Cells Across Columns
• It is often necessary to span one cell across
many columns. For example, you would use
this technique to span a headline across the
columns of a newspaper article.
• To span a cell across many columns, type
<TD COLSPAN=n>, where n is the number
of columns to be spanned

Spanning Cells Across Rows
• To span a cell across many rows, type <TD
ROWSPAN=n>, where n is the number of
rows

Aligning Cell Content
• By default, a cell’s content are aligned
horizontally to the left and and vertically in the
middle.
• Use VALIGN=direction to change the vertical
alignment, where “direction” is top, middle,
bottom, or baseline
• Use ALIGN=direction to change the horizontal
alignment where “direction” is left, center, or right

Controlling Cell Spacing
• Cell spacing is the space between cells
while cell padding is the space around the
contents of a cell
• To control both types of spacing, use the
CELLSPACING =n and
CELLPADDING=n attributes in the
<TABLE> tag

Nesting Tables
• Create the inner table
• Create the outer table and determine which cell of
the outer table will hold the inner table
• Test both tables separately to make sure they work
• Copy the inner table into the cell of the outer table
• Don’t nest too many tables. If you find yourself
doing that, find an easier way to lay out your Web
page

Changing a Cell’s Color
• To change a cell’s color, add the
BGCOLOR=“color” attribute to the <TD>
tag
• Example:
<TD BGCOLOR=“blue”>

Dividing Your Table into
Column Groups
• You can divide your table into two kinds of
column groups: structural and non-structural.
• Structural column groups control where
dividing lines are drawn; Non-structural
groups do not
• Both let you format an entire column of cells
at once

Column Groups
• To create structural column groups, type
<COLGROUP SPAN=n> after the <TABLE> tag,
where n is the number of columns in the group
• To create non-structural column groups, type
<COL SPAN=n>, where n is the number of
columns in the group

Dividing Table into Horizontal
Sections
• You can also create a horizontal section
consisting of one or more rows. This allows
you to format the rows all at once
• To create a horizontal section, type
<THEAD>, <TBODY>, or <TFOOT>
before the first <TR> tag of the section
• Netscape does not support these tags

Controlling Line Breaks
• Unless you specify otherwise a browser will
divide the lines in a cell as it sees fit.
• The NOWRAP attribute placed within the
<TD> tag forces the browser to keep all the
text in a cell on one line
• Example:
– <TD NOWRAP>Washington, D.C.

Parting Words….
• If you can imagine a way to lay out your
page, chances are it is possible using HTML
• When in doubt, use an HTML reference

IntroHTML- Web Design with HTML, CSS and JavaScript

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