The document discusses the key Java components JVM, IDE, and JDK. The JVM is the execution environment that runs Java bytecode. An IDE is a software application that provides development tools like editing and debugging. The JDK is a software development kit that includes the JRE, compilers, and libraries needed for Java development. JVM, IDE, and JDK work together with the IDE and JDK utilizing the JVM to execute Java applications during the development process.