AI: Introduction to artificial intelligence

AI: Introduction to artificial intelligence

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  Introduction to ArtificialIntelligence
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  Some Definitions ofAI“It is the exciting new effort to make computers think . . . machines with minds, in the full and literal sense”(Haugeland, 1985)“A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes”(Schalkoff, 1990)“The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better”(Rich and Knight, 1991 )“The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act”(Winston, 1992)
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  Categories of AIsystemsSystems that think like humans. Systems that think rationally.Systems that act like humans.Systems that act rationally.Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach
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  Requirements of anArtificially intelligent computerNatural language processing to enable it to communicate successfully in English (or some other human language);Knowledge representation to store information provided before or during the interrogation;Automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions;Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns.
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  History of AI1943: The gestation of AI 1952 : Early enthusiasm and expectation1966 : A dose of reality1969 : Knowledge based system1980 : AI become Industry1986 …to now : Return of neural networks and recent events
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  AI in realworldHITECH is the first computer program to defeat a grandmaster(Arnold Denker) in a game of chessA speech understanding program named PEGASUS handles the whole transaction of ticket booking in an Airport
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  What is anIntelligent Agents?An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through effectors. An agent always acts rationally.
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  Example of Cardriver agent :Agent type : Car drivingPercepts : Camera , GPS, mic etcAction : Steer, Accelerate, Break, Report.Goal : Safe, Fast, Profit.Environment : Roads, Signals, Pedestrians.
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  Different types ofagent programsSimple reflex agents Agents that keep track of the worldGoal-based agents Utility-based agents
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  What are Simplereflex Agents?Agents are designed to produce a specific response to a specific stimuli.
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  What are Agentsthat keep track of the world?The simple reflex agent described before will work only if the correct decision can be made on the basis of the current percept. If the car in front is a recent model, and has the centrally mounted brake system, then it is to be possible to tell if it is braking from a single image agent will have to maintain some sort of internal state in order to choose an action.This is overcome in this kind of Agents.
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  What are Goal-basedagents?These Kind of agents take decision based on how far they are currently from their goal.Their every action is intended to reduce its distance from goal.
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  What are Utility-basedagents?The agents which are developed having their end uses as their building blocks are called utility based agents.
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  Classifications of Agentenvironment can be based on :Accessible vs. Inaccessible.Deterministic vs. Nondeterministic.Episodic vs. Non episodic.Static vs. DynamicDiscrete vs. Continuous
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