BIOCOMPATIBLE WIRELESS BRAIN SENSORS

BIOCOMPATIBLE WIRELESS
BRAIN SENSORS
Presented by Pragatii karna
Master’s in Pharmaceutics and Drug design
Presented by pragatii karna
@pharmacyhighlights.com

1. INTRODUCTION
 An international research team has developed miniaturized devices to monitor living brain tissue. When no longer needed the
devices can be deactivated to dissolve and be reabsorbed into the soft tissue.
 The wireless sensors were implanted into mice brains and successfully took intracranial pressure and temperature readings.
 The researchers say the device can easily be modified to monitor a wide range of other important physiological parameters of
brain function, such as acidity and the motion of fluids.
 It could also be used to deliver drugs to the brain, and with the incorporation of microelectrodes, to stimulate or record
neuronal activity.
 Studies on dissolvable brain implant consisting of pressure and temperature sensors suggest that they can monitor traumatic
brain injury and Parkinson’s disease and soon many more brain related diseases in future.
 In patient with traumatic brain injury , neurosurgeons attempt to decrease the pressure inside the skull using medications.
 The Guidelines for the Management of Severe TBI recommend an Intracranial pressure monitor in TBI patients at risk for
intracranial hypertension, i.e., patients in coma and an abnormal admission head CT scan which ncludes a mass lesion(s) e.g.,
hematoma or contusion, swelling (edema), etc.
 In Parkinsonism the device is useful for early diagnosis, tremor detection, analysis of the motor performances, analysis of
motor fluctuations (on/off phases), and home and long-term monitoring .

Electronic readout

CASE STUDY
0.00%
0.20%
0.40%
0.60%
0.80%
No TBI severe TBI moderateTBI moderate
severeTBI
0.31%
0.58%
0.47%
0.75%
Parkinsondisease
traumatic brain injury
TBI associated Parkinson disease
0
20
40
60
80
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Agesinyrs
prevalence per 100,000
prevalence of Parkinson disease at
different ages
ages
0
50
100
1990
2016
27.08
55.05
casesinmillions
years
TBI increment by 8.4% from 1990 to 2016 yrs
cases in millions
Data Source: Neurology.org(2018)
Data Source:khanacademy.org(2017)
Data Source: Health data org(2018)
Google image source Presented by pragatii karna

Role of ICP
Age group
Normal range
(mm Hg)
Adults <10–15
Children 3–7
Term infants 1.5–6
Normal intracranial pressure values
Fig: Interaction between blood pressure & cerebral
blood flow
Image source :D. Laurence(2002)

Methodology
• The study is based on review of literature.
• The data related to the biodegradable wireless brain sensors were collected from various international publications.
• The intensive review of various books,journal articles,reports,conferences,press release and web materials related to
biocompatible wireless brain sensorss were done.

Fig: Formation of biodegradable sensor implants
Image source: L.Rongfeng (2018)

Fig: Drug delivery via Dopamine entrapment in Nanoporous
silica in implants for parkinsonism.
Source: L.Tessy(2011).
 Qualitative test for
biodegradable sensor:
 Air test
 Water test
 Signal strength
 Dissolution test: In saline
baths.
Source: L.Tessy(2011)

• The new brain pressure sensors degrade into nontoxic
components over the course of hours or days when tested
in saline baths.
• Bioresorbable sensors implanted in live, freely moving animals.
• Fluorescence images of the cortical surface beneath the dissolved
device at 2, 4 and 8 weeks, showing the absence of inflammatory
responses.
• The images are double immunostained for GFAP (glial fibrillary
acidic protein) to detect astrocytes (red), and Iba1 (ionized
calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1) to identify
microglia/macrophages (green).
• The white dashed line indicates the site of the implant.
Result and discussion
Image source: k.Seung (2016)

• In 2018 Researchers in the U.S. and Korea have created tiny bioresorbing brain implants that are naturally degraded by the
body after a few weeks of functioning, eliminating the need for retrieval.
• John Rogers of the University of Illinois ,co-author of this is a new class of electronic biomedical implants says current
electronic implants used to monitor or treat medical conditions inside a patient’s body can cause inflammation or infection,
the new silicon-based device is made entirely of inexpensive, biodegradable materials designed to be dissolved in the body
after the sensor’s job is done.
• (2019)Using nanotechnology, University of Central Florida researchers have developed the first rapid detector for dopamine,
a chemical that is believed to play a role in various diseases such as Parkinson's, depression and some cancers.
• Neuroengineers at Brown University have developed an implantable, rechargeable, and wireless brain-computer interface
that could help treat people with neuromotor diseases and other movement disorders.
• We must still understand a great deal more about how the brain encodes and decodes information.
• I see this device more as making a leap in allowing us to explore more natural activity in the brain.

RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE
 Scientists at Purdue University (march,2019) say they have built a small, flexible sensor that is faster and more precise than
past attempts at tracking glutamate during traumatic spinal cord injury event.
 Flow and glucose sensors have been investigated for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases and continuous glucose monitoring
respectively.
 Medtronic's FDA-approved artificial pancreas device system, although not implantable, combines glucose sensors with a
wearable insulin pump. Sensor data can stop insulin delivery when glucose values reach a preset level
 Pressure sensors are a wonderful example of such, as they have been extensively demonstrated for arterial , intraocular ,
and intracranial pressure monitoring.
 Reservoir-based drug-delivery devices
 Microreservoirs temporarily store drug payloads until their desired release.
 In passive devices, drug is released slowly by osmotic or diffusive transport, or in response to an environmental stimulus
 Drug reservoirs etched into silicon can be capped with removable metal membranes that can be selectively removed by
electrochemical dissolution or electrothermal degradation to control initiation of release.
 Drug infusion micropumps
 Drug infusion micropumps are either passive or active according to the mechanism used to control drug release.
 OmniPod, a wearable insulin pump, developed by Insulet Corp, allows for subcutaneous delivery via a small cannula. The
drug payload in the disposable reservoir provides 72 hours of delivery.
 A shape memory alloy actuator controls pump activation and can be operated through a wireless handheld device.
 Nanoparticles & silicon nanoporous membranes

REFERENCES
• Seung-Kyun Kang1,2 *, Rory K. J. Murphy, Bioresorbable silicon electronic sensors for
the brain, 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA, VOL 530, N A T URE ,p.g. 71, 4
february 2016
• Rongfeng Li , Liu Wang and Lan Yin, Materials and Devices for Biodegradable and
Soft Biomedical Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key
Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of
New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University, Beijing,review,MDPI,Oct
2018.
• Laurence T Dunn, RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE, JNeurol Neurosurg
Psychiatry 2002;73(Suppl I):i23–i27.
• Tessy López1,2,3 José L Bata-García4 Dulce Esquive5,2 Emma Ortiz-Islas2 Richard
Gonzalez3Jorge Ascencio6 Patricia Quintana7 Gerko Oskam7 Fernando J Álvarez-
Cervera4 Francisco J Heredia-López4and José L Góngora-Alfaro4, Treatment of
Parkinson’s disease: nanostructured sol–gel silica–dopamine reservoirs for controlled
drug release in the central nervous system,pubmed, Int J Nanomedicine2011; 6: 19–31.
• Xu meng, Drexel University(2013), Wireless Intracranial Pressure Sensors for the
Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury
• Ellis Meng, Micro- and nano-fabricated implantable drug-delivery systems: current state
and future perspectives, Roya Sheybani, Ther. Deliv. (2014) 5(11)

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