Basic Components of Computer

Introduction
Classification Of Computer
Basics Components of Computer

Introduction
What is Computer ?
A computer is an electronic device that takes input such
as numbers, text, sound, image, animations, video, etc.,
processes it, and converts it into meaningful information
that could be understood, presenting the changed input as
output. All numbers, text, sound, images, animations, and
video used as input are called data, and all numbers, text,
sound, images, animations, and video returned as output
are called information. Input is the raw data entered into
the computer by using input devices.

Classificationof computer
 On the Basis of TECHNOLOGY
 On the Basis of PURPOSE
 On the Basis of FUNCTION
On the Basis of SIZE and SPEED

Types Of Computer On The Basis Of TECHONOLOGY

There Are 5 Generations Of Computer Base On TECHNOLOGY
They Are Discuss Below:
First Generation Computer
(1940-1956)
 Also called the Vacuum based generation.
 The first generation computers used vacuum tube circuitry and
Magnetic drums for memory.
 Input system was based on punch card and output system was on
printouts.
 Machines languages are the only languages understood by
computers.
 They are enormous in size, taking up entire rooms.

 They were very expensive, to operate. It tooks a great deals of electricity to
operate as a result a lots of heat was produced which often caused the
malfunction.
 The UNIVAC and ENIAC are the examples of first generation computers.
UNIVAC ENIAC

Second Generation Computer
(1956-1963)
 Called as the transistor based generation.
 In second generation transistor were used for circuitry as
transistors replace vacuum tubes.
 Computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts
for output.
 Second generation computers were moved to symbolic or
assembly language from binary machine language.
 Computers become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy
efficient and more reliable than their first generation
predecessors.

 The CDC 1604 and IBM 1401 are the examples of second generation computers.
IBM 1401 CDC 1604

Third Generation Computer
(1964-1971)
 This generation computers used integrated circuits (IC5).
 The main memory increased in the form of PROM and D-ROM and
magnetic disc used as storage device.
 High level languages were developed including BASIC, PASCAL,
etc.
 These computers used keyboards for input and monitors for
output.
 These computers are smaller, faster, cheaper, more reliable and
energy efficient then previous generations.
 These computers didn’t generate a great amount of heat.
 The hardware, failure was very rare.

 The commercial production was earlier and cheaper.
 They required air conditioning.
 Highly sophisticated technology was required for the manufacturing of IC5
 The PDP-8 and PDP-11 are the examples of second generation computers.
PDP-8 PDP-11

Fourth Generation Computer
(1971-2010)
 LSI, VLSI, Microprocessor, PC, Semiconductor memory, Linking of
computer Mouse and Handled Devices.
 GUI, OS like MS-DOS and MS-Windows.
 High-Level Programming Language.
 Computation time is picoseconds.
 Smaller than Computers of previous generation.
 Widely available for commercial purposes.
 PCs for home user.

 The IBM PCs and APPLE’S MACINTOSH are the examples of fourth generation
computers.
IBM PCs Apple II

Fifth Generation Computer
(2010-Present)
 Fifth Generation Computers are in development stage which is
based on the artificial intelligence.
 The goal of the fifth generation is to develop the device which
could respond to natural language input and are capable of learning
and self organization Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will be used in this technology.
 So we can say that the Fifth generation computers will have the
power of human intelligence.
 Some of the characteristics are:
i. They will have artificial intelligence.
ii. They will be able to recognize image and graphs.

iii. Fifth generation computers aims to be able to solve highly complex problems
include decisions making, logical reasoning.
 IBM Notebooks and Paintaims PCs are some examples of firth generations
computers.
IBM
Notebooks
Penta
Computers

There Are 2 types Of Computer Base On
Purpose

GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER
 Most computers in use today are General-Purpose computers —
those built for a great variety of processing jobs.
 Simply by using a general purpose computer and different
software, various tasks can be accomplished, including writing and
editing, manipulating facts in a data base, tracking manufacturing
inventory, making scientific calculations, or even controlling
organization’s security system, electricity consumption, and
building temperature.
 A general purpose computer is able to perform a wide variety of
operations because it can store and execute different programs
in its internal storage.
 This ability is often achieved at the expense of speed and
efficiency.

 In most situations, however, we will find that having this
flexibility makes this compromise a most acceptable one.
 Desktops, Notebooks, Smartphones and Tablets, are all examples
of general-purpose computers.

SPECIFIC PURPOSE COMPUTER
 A computer designed from scratch to perform
a specific function. Contrast with general-purpose computer.
 Special purpose application software is a type
of software created to execute one specific task.
 Examples of special purpose application software are web
browsers, calculators, media players, calendar programs etc.

There Are 3 types Of Computer Base On
Function

Analog Computers:
 The computer which provide us information in continuous form
are called analog computer.
 Analog computers represent physical quantities such as voltage
pressure speed temperature.
 Its outputs are usually displayed on graphs.
 Used in engineering and science.
 Examples are : Thermometer, Speedometer, etc.

Digital Computers:
A digital computer is an electric computing machine that uses the
binary digit 0 and 1 to represent all forms of information
internally in digital form.
Every computer has the set of instruction that define the basic
functions it can perform.
Sequence of these instruction constitute machine-language
performs that can be stored in the computers.
Calculator, digital watch, super computers are some of the
examples of digital computers.

Hybrid Computers:
A computer that processes both analog and digital data.
Hybrid computer is a digital computer that accepts analog signals,
convert then into digital and processes them in digital form.
A hybrid computer may use or produce analog data or digital data.
It accepts a continuous varying input, which is then converted into
a set of discrete values for digital processing.

There Are 4 types Of Computer Base On size &
Speed
ComputerbasedonSizeand
Speed
Micro Computer
Mini Computer
Mainframe Computer
Super Computer

Micro Computers:
o Micro computer is a computer that has a microprocessor chip as
its central processing unit(CPU).
o Often called personal computer(PC).
o Used by one person at a time.
o It is used in the homes, school, etc.
o It provide access to a wide variety of computing applications such
as word processing, surfing the web, sending and receiving e-mail,
spreadsheet calculation, database management, editing
photographs, creating graphics, etc.

Mini Computers:
o A mini computer is a mid sixe computer that is less powerful and
cheaper than a mainframe.
o It is multi-user computer capable of supporting up to 200 users
simultaneously. They are now referred to as mid range servers.
o Minicomputers are used in factories for process control,
inventory and manufacturing control.

MainFrame Computers:
o A mainframe computer is a large computer capable of
simultaneously processing data for hundred of thousand of
users.
o Mainframe computers are used in large organization where many
people need access to the same data, like KFUPM uses mainframe
for student information system.
o A device called terminal is used to access the mainframe
computer.
o Mainframe of today are accessed by micro computers that
imitate terminals.

Super Computers:
o Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computer
currently available.
o Supercomputers were designed and built to work on extremely
large jobs that could not be handled by no other types of
computing system.
o Supercomputers are mainly being used for whether forecasting,
biomedical research, aircraft design, etc.

Basic Components Of Computer
There are two basic components of computer. They are
Hardware
Software
 Hardware
1. Computer hardware is the collection of all the parts you can
physically touch.
2. It contains Input , Output, Processing, Storage.
 Software
1. It is a collection of procedure program and documentation they
perform various tasks in computer.
2. It contain System software, Application software, Utility
software.

Basic Components of Computer

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