03 Lecture Ppt

The Diversity of Organic Molecules Makes Life Diverse 3-

3.1 The chemistry of carbon makes diverse molecules possible Compounds made of hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon atoms Organisms consist mainly of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon Most of the oxygen and hydrogen are in water 3-

Carbon has unique bonding properties Carbon can share electrons with as many as four other atoms Consequently, it can form several different shapes Chains Rings Side branches 3-

Figure 3.1 Each of these organisms uses a different type of structural carbohydrate 3-

3.2 Functional groups add to the diversity of organic molecules A specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way Example: -OH, the hydroxyl group is hydrophilic and found in alcohol, sugar, and amino acids Isomers – organic molecules with identical molecular formulas, but a different arrangement of atoms 3-

Figure 3.2A Functional groups of organic molecules 3-

3.3 Molecular subunits can be linked to form macromolecules Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called macromolecules because of their large size The largest macromolecules are polymers because they are constructed of many subunits called monomers 3-

Dehydration and Hydrolysis Dehydration reaction synthesizes polymers from monomers by removing water Hydrolysis reaction splits polymers into monomers by adding water 3-

Figure 3.3B Synthesis and degradation of polymers 3-

Carbohydrates Are Energy Sources and Structural Components 3-

3.4 Simple carbohydrates provide quick energy Used as an immediate energy source Carbon to hydrogen to oxygen ratio = 1:2:1 Monosaccharides contain a single sugar molecule Ribose and deoxyribose are found in DNA Disaccharides contain two monosaccharides joined via dehydration synthesis 3-

Figure 3.4A Three ways to represent glucose, a source of quick energy for this cheetah and all organisms 3-

Figure 3.4B Formation and breakdown of maltose, a disaccharide 3-

3.5 Complex carbohydrates store energy and provide structural support Polymers of monosaccharides Used for short-term or long-term energy storage Animals store glucose as glycogen Plants store glucose as starch Some are used for structure Chitin is used in animals and fungi Cellulose is used by plants 3-

Figure 3.5 Some of the polysaccharides in plants and animals 3-

Lipids Provide Storage, Insulation, and Other Functions 3-

3.6 Fats and oils are rich energy-storage molecules Hydrophobic biomolecules made of hydrocarbon chains Fats and oils contain glycerol and fatty acids Sometimes called triglycerides 3-

Figure 3.6 Formation and breakdown of a fat 3-

Saturated and Unsaturated Fats Saturated fats have no double bonds They are saturated with hydrogens Unsaturated fats have double bonds They are not saturated with hydrogens 3-

3.7 Other lipids have structural, hormonal, or protective functions Phospholipids have hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads Found in plasma membranes Steroids are hydrophobic molecules that pass through plasma membranes Waxes are hydrophobic molecules used for waterproofing 3-

Figure 3.7 Phospholipid, cholesterol (a steroid), and wax 3-

Proteins Have a Wide Variety of Vital Functions 3-

3.8 Proteins are the most versatile of life’s molecules Important for structure and function 50% of dry weight of most cells Several functions Support Metabolism Transport Defense Regulation Motion 3-

3.9 Each protein is a sequence of particular amino acids Proteins are macromolecules with amino acid subunits Made of peptide bonds via dehydration synthesis Polypeptide chain is many amino acids bonded together A protein may have many polypeptide chains 3-

Figure 3.9A Formation and breakdown of a peptide 3-

Amino Acids Variety is due to the R group 3-

Figure 3.9B Amino acid diversity. The amino acids are shown in ionized form 3-

3.10 The shape of a protein is necessary to its function Denaturation - the irreversible change of protein shape caused by heat or pH Levels of Organization 3-

Figure 3.10 Levels of protein organization 3-

Nucleic Acids Are Information Molecules 3-

3.11 The nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry coded information DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid The genetic material RNA – ribonucleic acid A copy of DNA used to make proteins Both are polymers of nucleotide s monomers Nucleotides are made of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate 3-

Figure 3.11A One nucleotide Figure 3.11B RNA structure 3-

Figure 3.11C DNA structure at three levels of complexity 3-

APPLYING THE CONCEPTS—HOW BIOLOGY IMPACTS OUR LIVES 3.12 The Human Genome Project may lead to new disease treatments Sequenced the genome of humans Scientists create genetic profiles Used to predict diseases Examples: Type 2 Diabetes, Schizophrenia Used to make specific treatments 3-

3.13 The nucleotide ATP is the cell’s energy carrier Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) A nucleotide with the base adenine and the sugar ribose making a compound adenosine Hydrolyzes phosphates to release energy and form adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 3-

Figure 3.13A ATP hydrolysis 3- Figure 3.13B releases energy Animals convert food energy to that of ATP

Connecting the Concepts: Chapter 3 Carbon forms the backbone of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids The macromolecules of cells are polymers of small organic molecules Simple sugars are the monomers of complex carbohydrates Amino acids are the monomers of proteins Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids Fats are composed of fatty acids and glycerol 3-

03 Lecture Ppt

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03 Lecture Ppt