Undici makeNetworkError when fetching https://api.linkedin.com/v2/me from Node.js (Next.js app)

I'm developing a Next.js application hosted on a cloud server (Ubuntu 22.04, Node.js v22.17.0), and I'm using the native fetch (which uses Undici under the hood). When trying to call the LinkedIn API endpoint https://api.linkedin.com/v2/me, I'm encountering the following error:

[cause]: Error
    at makeNetworkError (node:internal/deps/undici/undici:9277:35)
    at httpRedirectFetch (node:internal/deps/undici/undici:10825:32)
    at httpFetch (node:internal/deps/undici/undici:10785:28)
    at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:105:5)
    at async node:internal/deps/undici/undici:10522:20
    at async mainFetch (node:internal/deps/undici/undici:10512:20)

Sample code:

const response = await fetch('https://api.linkedin.com/v2/me', {
  method: 'GET',
  headers: {
    Authorization: `Bearer ${accessToken}`,
    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
  },
});

Things I've Tried:

1. Valid OAuth2 access token is being passed (works fine from local dev).

2. The same fetch request works from my local machine (Mac).

3. I can curl / telnet / openssl from the server to api.linkedin.com:443 — it connects successfully.

4. Tested with increased fetch timeout and retries - still fails.

Questions:

1. What exactly causes makeNetworkError in undici when using fetch with HTTPS?

2. Why would this work locally but fail on a cloud-hosted server?

3. Are there any known network restrictions or IP blocks from LinkedIn's side?

4. Could this be caused by redirect handling or TLS handshake issues?