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size reduction
Size reduction is the process of decreasing the physical dimensions of objects or materials by breaking them into smaller pieces. It is done by applying external forces to break larger particles into smaller ones. The main objectives of size reduction are to increase surface area for reactions, separate materials, improve handling and mixing. Some common size reduction methods are impact, compression, shear and attrition. Key factors that affect size reduction are the material's hardness, structure, abrasiveness, softening temperature and moisture content. Several theories describe the energy required for size reduction, including Rittinger's, Bond's and Kick's theories. Only about 10% of the total energy input is actually used to reduce particle size.
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size reduction
- 2. What is themeaning of size reduction ? Size refers to physical Dimension of an object. Reduction refers to decrement or the process of decreasing the size.
- 3. Simple definition ofSIZE REDUCTION Size reduction is the operation carried out for reducing the size of bigger particles into smaller one of desired size and shape with the help of external forces. COMMINUTION is another term used for size reduction.
- 5. OBJECTIVES OF SIZEREDUCTION In the materials processing industry, size reduction or comminution is usually carried out in order to: Increase the surface area because, in most reactions involving solid particles, the rate of reactions is directly proportional to the area of contact with a second phase. Break a material into very small particles in order to separate the valuable amongst the two constituents. Achieve intimate mixing. To dispose solid wastes easily . To improve the handling characteristics. To mix solid particle more intimately.
- 8. Advantages and disadvantagesof size reduction
- 9. Advantages of sizereduction Content uniformity Uniform flow Effective drying Increases surface area or viscosity Uniform mixing and drying Improve rate of absorption . Smaller the particles greater is absorption. Improve dissolution rate.
- 10. Disadvantages of sizereduction Drug degradation Contamination
- 11. Mechanism of sizereduction Impact —particle concussion by a single rigid force (hammer). Compression—particle disintegration by two rigid forces (nutcracker). Shear —produced when the particle is compressed between the edges of two hard surfaces moving tangentially. Attrition —arising from particles scraping against one another or against a rigid surface (a file).
- 13. Type of impactWhen impact force are apply? Gravity impact 1. In gravity impact ,the free falling material is momentarily stopped by the stationary object. 2. Example – coal dropped onto a hard steel surface Dynamic impact 1. Most often used when it is necessary to separate two material which have relatively different friability 2. The more friable material is broken first 3. Less friable material remains without broken 4. Example – material dropping in front of a moving hammer A cubical particle are needed or material too hard
- 14. When compression forcesneeded? If material is hard If material is abrasive If the material is not stick When material will break cubically Where the finished product is to be relatively coarse in size
- 15. Factors affecting sizereduction Hardness: - It is a surface property of the material. - It is frequently confused with a property named strength. - Thus, it is possible for a material to be very hard, but if it is brittle also then size reduction may present no special problems. - An arbitrary scale of hardness has been devised known as Moh’s Scale; Moh’s Scale = 1 is for graphite Moh’s Scale < 3 is for soft material Moh’s Scale > 7 is for hard material Moh’s Scale = 10 is for diamond The harder the material the more difficult it is to reduce in size
- 16. Factors affecting sizereduction Material structure: Some substances are homogeneous in character. Mineral substances may have lines of weakness along which the materials splits to form flake-like particles. Vegetable drugs have a cellular structure often leading to long fibrous particles.
- 17. Factors affecting sizereduction Abrasiveness: Abrasiveness is a property of hard materials (particularly those of mineral origin). It may limit the type of machinery that can be used. During the grinding of some very abrasive substances the final powder may be contaminated with more than 0.1 percent of metal worn from the grinding mill
- 18. Factors affecting sizereduction Softening temperature: During size reduction process sometimes heat is generated which may cause some substances to soften, and the temperature at which this occurs can be important. Waxy substances, such as stearic acid, or drugs containing oils or fats are examples that may be affected. Some methods can be used to overcome this like cooling the mill, either by a water jacket or by passing a stream of air through the equipment.
- 19. Factors affecting sizereduction Moisture content: It is found that materials do not flow well if they contain between about 5 and 50 per cent of moisture. Under these conditions the material tends to cake together in the form of balls. In general, grinding can be carried out satisfactorily outside these limits. Crushing strength: The power required for crushing is almost directly proportional to the crushing strength of the material.
- 20. Friability: The friability ofthe material is its tendency to fracture during normal handling. In general, a crystalline material will break along well-defined planes and the power required for crushing will increase as the particle size is reduced. Stickiness: A sticky material will tend to clog the grinding equipment and it should therefore be ground in a plant that can be cleaned easily. Soapiness: In general, this is a measure of the coefficient of friction of the surface of the material. If the coefficient of friction is low, the crushing may be more difficult. Explosive: Such materials must be ground wet or in the presence of an inert atmosphere. Materials yielding dusts that are harmful to the health: Such material must be ground under conditions where the dust is not allowed to escape.
- 21. SIZE REDUCTION THEORIES The energy requirement for particle size reduction is a function of input and output of particle size, hardness, strength and other properties of solids. Various theories for energy requirement are:- Rittinger’s theory Kick’s theory Bond’s theory.
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- 23. Integrating equation (1), E=C ln(di/dn) …. (2) (di/dn) = reduction ratio. If n=1.0 equation (2) becomes Kick’s theory. If n=1.5 equation (2) becomes Bond’s theory. If n=2.0 equation (2) becomes Rittinger’s theory.
- 24. Rittinger’s theory According tothis theory energy E required for size reduction of unit mass is directly proportional to the new surface area produced. E=KR (Sn – Si) …. (3) Where Si = initial surface area Sn = new specific surface area KR = Rittinger’s constant. E= amount of energy
- 25. Applications:- Applicable to brittlematerials undergoing fine milling. This theory ignore deformation before fracture.
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- 27. 1. Bond’s work indexis the work required to reduce unit weight from a theoretical infinite size to 80% passing 100µm. 2. This theory is useful for rough mill sizing. 3. The work index is useful for comparing efficiency of milling operations
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- 29. For compression oflarge particles kick’s theory is useful.
- 30. Summary Rittinger’s theory:-(n=2.0) Energy α new surface area formed. Bond’s theory:- (n=1.5) Energy used in crack propagation α Crack length produced. Kick’s theory:- (n=1.0) Energy α Ratio of change in size.
- 31. Energy utilization Oneof the first important investigations into the distribution of the energy fed into a crusher was carried out by OWENS who concluded that energy was utilized as follows: In producing elastic deformation of the particles before fracture occurs. In producing inelastic deformation which results in size reduction. In causing elastic distortion of the equipment. In friction between particles, and between particles and the machine. In noise, heat and vibration in the plant, and In friction losses in the plant itself. Owens estimated that only about 10 per cent of the total power is usefully employed.
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