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![Humanity relies on biodiversity: ecosystem services
11
‘Ecosystem services’ are the ecological […] functions […] that
directly or indirectly contribute to human wellbeing: that is, the
benefits that people derive from functioning ecosystems.
(Constanza et al. 2017)
Ecosystem services are traditionnaly categorized into 4 types of
services:
- Provisionning services: food, timber, fibres, etc.
- Regulating services: benefits obtained by the regulation of
ecosystem processes (climate regulation, water purification,
flood control, pollinization)
- Cultural services: recreational, aesthetic, scientific, cultural
uses of ecosystems
- Supporting services: ecosystem processes (nutrient cycling,
soil formation, photosynthesis and oxygen production,
habitat provision, etc.) enabling and conditionning the other
ecosystem services
Graphic credit: TEEB Europe – the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/session2-planetaryboundaries-230308003819-5a071b4e/75/session2-planetary-boundaries-pdf-11-2048.jpg)
![Humanity relies on biodiversity: ecosystem services
11
‘Ecosystem services’ are the ecological […] functions […] that
directly or indirectly contribute to human wellbeing: that is, the
benefits that people derive from functioning ecosystems.
(Constanza et al. 2017)
Ecosystem services are traditionnaly categorized into 4 types of
services:
- Provisionning services: food, timber, fibres, etc.
- Regulating services: benefits obtained by the regulation of
ecosystem processes (climate regulation, water purification,
flood control, pollinization)
- Cultural services: recreational, aesthetic, scientific, cultural
uses of ecosystems
- Supporting services: ecosystem processes (nutrient cycling,
soil formation, photosynthesis and oxygen production,
habitat provision, etc.) enabling and conditionning the other
ecosystem services
Graphic credit: TEEB Europe – the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity](https://crownmelresort.com/image.slidesharecdn.com/session2-planetaryboundaries-230308003819-5a071b4e/75/session2-planetary-boundaries-pdf-11-2048.jpg)
session2-planetary boundaries.pdf
- 1. Biodiversity and planetaryboundaries Author: Aurélien Acquier Professor, sustainability department Paris campus
- 2. Session objectives Understanding thesystemic dimension of ecological issues : • Understanding the concept of planetary boundaries and its implications • Focus on biodiversity and 2 other planetary boundaries Be able to connect those risks with a given business 2 Carbon tunnel vision
- 3.
- 4. What are planetaryboundaries? Can you cite 3 of the 9 planetary boundaries? • Nine planetary boundaries (Rockström institute, Stockholm resilinece center, 2009 - 2015), defining a « safe operating space for humanity » • Defining key processes which conditions the stability of earth system and defining the limits that should not be crossed • Tipping points: major risks (i.e. radical, non linear, potentially catastrophic and systemic –partially impredictible-)
- 5. Planetary boundaries: twometaphors 5 « the dose makes the poison »
- 6. Tipping points &climate Pied de page 6 2022 2022
- 7. Important academic sourceson planetary boundaries 7 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scie nce.1259855 + See Rockstrom videos (youtube / tedx) https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi ?article=1063&context=iss_pub 2015
- 8.
- 9. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform onBiodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Biodiversity is now on the international agenda
- 10. Biodiversity: the richnessof life on earth 10 1. Genetic Diversity 2. Species Diversity 3. Diversity of ecosystems Biodiversity: the variability among living organisms (plant and animals) from all sources in a particular habitat. This includes genetic diversity within species, species diversity and ecosystem diversity (United Nations,2013). 1. Genetic diversity: variations in the genes within a species. Increases adaptative capacities to cope with changes in ecosystem conditions. 2. Species diversity: variety of species in a given area. With high species diversity, several species perform similar ecological functions (e.g., nitrogen fixation or soil formation), creating redundancy and adaptative capacities in case one species disappears (Elmqvistet al.,2003). 3. Diversity of ecosystems: The assortment of ecosystems. An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal, and micro-organism communities as well as the surrounding environment (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment,2005).
- 11. Humanity relies onbiodiversity: ecosystem services 11 ‘Ecosystem services’ are the ecological […] functions […] that directly or indirectly contribute to human wellbeing: that is, the benefits that people derive from functioning ecosystems. (Constanza et al. 2017) Ecosystem services are traditionnaly categorized into 4 types of services: - Provisionning services: food, timber, fibres, etc. - Regulating services: benefits obtained by the regulation of ecosystem processes (climate regulation, water purification, flood control, pollinization) - Cultural services: recreational, aesthetic, scientific, cultural uses of ecosystems - Supporting services: ecosystem processes (nutrient cycling, soil formation, photosynthesis and oxygen production, habitat provision, etc.) enabling and conditionning the other ecosystem services Graphic credit: TEEB Europe – the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity
- 12. Humanity relies onbiodiversity: ecosystem services 12 Constanza et al. (2014) quantified the monetary value of global value of ecosystem services (which are mostly free) for the year 2011. According to them, the value of ecosystem services outpaces the value of global GDP. Graphic credit: TEEB Europe – the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity Estimated global value of ecosystem services Global GDP (Y2011) Estimated loss of ecosystem services due to land use change. $125 trillion/year $ 73,85 trillion/year Between $US 4.3 and 20.2 trillion/yr
- 13. Ecosystem services (seeConstanza et al. 2017) 13
- 14. 14 Deforestation in Indonesianto make way for a palm oil concession. Photograph: Ulet Ifansasti/Greenpeace Guardian, 2018 Biodiversity loss: the sixth mass extinction
- 15. Biodiversity loss: thesixth mass extinction • According to IPBES (2019), « of an estimated 8 million animal and plant species (75 per cent of which are insects), around 1 million are threatened with extinction » • Current extinction is estimated to be several hundred to 1000 times as rapid as natural rates of extinction • According to the 2022 WWF Living Planet Index, the number of vertebrated wildlife animals has decrased 69% since 1970 • 60% of mammals are cattle • 70% of birds are poultry Biodiversity loss (IPBES, 2019)
- 16. 16 100 60 7 5 2 0 20 4060 80 100 120 livestock humans wildmammals domesticated poultry wildbirds Global Biomass (unit: MillionTones Carbon) (source: Bar-On, Phillips & Millo, 2018) Anthropocene: domesticated mammals far outweights wildife mammals
- 17. 17 According to WWFliving planet report (2022), the populations of almost 4,400 monitored wild mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish had declined by 69% since 1970.
- 18. Drivers of biodiversityerosion (and connection with other planetary boundaries) 18 The 5 most important direct drivers of biodiversity erosion are (by decreasing order): 1. changes in land and sea use; 2. over-exploitation of resources (e.g. fishing); 3. climate change; 4. pollution; 5. invasion of alien species Source: IPBES (2019) Source: Panwar, Ober & Pinkse (2022)
- 19. Connecting biodiversity andbusiness
- 20. 20 Economic activities Impacts (cf. 5drivers of biodiversity erosion) Key inputs & resources + Risks related to biodiversity loss Biodiversity and ecosystem services Connecting biodiversity and business
- 21. An example: thefood & beverage sector
- 22. Connecting biodiversity andbusiness? Step 1: spotting the critical impacts Current agro-food models have a very high impact on climate and biodiversity: - Overfishing, water use and resource limits - Deforestation and land-use change - Cattle & meat -> high impact on climate and land-use change - Chemical intensive agricultural models - Lack of crop genetic diversity -> potential vulnerability of the food system to new disease Company impact Issue criticality
- 23. Connecting biodiversity andbusiness? Example: the food & beverage sector Step 1: spotting the critical impacts Current agro-food models have a high impact on climate and biodiversity: - Overfishing, water use and resource limits - Deforestation and land-use change - Cattle & meat -> high impact on climate and land-use change - Chemical intensive agriculture - Lack of crop genetic diversity -> potential vulnerability of the food system to new disease Step 2: Mitigating / reducing the impacts Collective governance of resources? New models of agriculture (ex : regenerative agriculture, permaculture) Reducing meat consumption
- 24. Connecting biodiversity andbusiness? Example: the food & beverage sector - Risk of threat on different ecosystem service provision (e.g. pollinization) and decrease in productivity - New regulations to protect and restore eco- systems - New models where the growers get financially incentivized to capture carbon? Step 3: Adapting to future risks Degree of certainty Potential disruption for the company Identifying adaptation strategies
- 25. Connecting planetary boundarieswith business? Two words to remember MITIGATION ADAPTATION Reducing the impacts « Avoiding the inevitable » « Managing the inevitable » Anticipating the changes
- 26.
- 27. What should youremember? • Sustainability transition is complex and systemic (don’t restrict to the carbon tunnel vision) • The 9 planetary boundaries involve potential tipping points and are interrelated • need for systemic and transversal approach to such macro risks • Any serious corporate sustainability strategy should: • start with a serious impact / risk assessment on planetary boundaries • take decision in terms of MITIGATION / ADAPTATION
- 28. Sources and referencesto go further on biodiversity - IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (2019) https://ipbes.net/global-assessment - IPBES Global Assessment Report on the valuation of nature (2022) https://zenodo.org/record/7410287/files/EN_SPM_VALUES_V8D_DIGITAL.pdf?download=1 - Bar-On, Phillips & Milo (2018) The biomass distribution on Earth, PNAS https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1711842115 - Bennett & al. (2018) The broiler chicken as a signal of a human reconfigured biosphere, Royal Society Open Science https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.180325 - Ceballosa, Ehrlichb & Dirzo (2017) Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth massextinction signaled by vertebrate populationlosses and declines, PNAS https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1704949114 - Constanza et al. (2014), Changes in the value of ecosystem services Global Environmental Change, 26, 152-158 - Constanza et al. (2017), Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go? Ecosystem Services, 28, 1-16 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041617304060 - Panwar, Obert & Pinkse (2022), The uncomfortable relationship between business andbiodiversity: Advancing research on business strategies forbiodiversity protection, Business Strategy and the Environment 1-13 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bse.3139 - WWF Living Planet Index & Report (https://livingplanet.panda.org/en-US/) - Biodiversity, a call for decisive action, Rodwell et al. 2022, HEC Alumny, https://livreblanc.hecalumni.fr/HEC-2022-6-7-WEB-LR.pdf - The Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversity - https://teebweb.org/ Academic resources Think tanks & NGOs International scientific organizations
- 29.