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PERCEPTION PERCEPTION PERCEPTION PERCEPTION
- 1. Presented by: Group1 PERCEPTION
- 2. Discuss the threemajor of perceptual systems localization, recognition, and constancy Describe and illustrate several Gesalt laws for separating the figure from the ground and organizing the elements of a stimulus Explain the process of depth and motion perception Summarize the theories that explain how objects are recognized, and describe the different stages of visual recognition processes, including bottom-up and top-down recognition processes Describe the various perceptual constancies including size constancy, light constancy, and color conatancy, and explain how they combine to yield apparently contant objects
- 3. PERCEPTION Perception is theprocess by which we obtain knowledge about the world we live in. followed by the processing information to make sense of what we see, hear, smell, taste, and touch.
- 4. PERCEPTION An intriguing facetof perception is that it is more than the use of senses. More likely, It is SELECTIVE, CONSTRUCTIVE, and INTERPRETATIVE. What does this mean?
- 5. Traditionally, were thought fiveclasses of sensations, emerging from the functioning of the five (5) sense organs- the; Eyes, Ears, Nose, Tongue, and Skin. According to (Gibson, 1966) thinking about perception progressed when it was realized that we do not have five senses but rather; five (5) Perceptual systems
- 6. Visual Perceptual System 1. AuditoryPerceptual System 2. Haptic Perceptual System 3. Savor Perceptual System 4. Basic Orientation Perceptual System 5.
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- 8. LOCALIZATION To locate objects,have to separte them from one another, and then organize them into groups. these process were first studied in the first half of 20th century by Gestalt psychologists, A group of influential German psychologists among Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler. theorized, we percieved figures and forms as whloe patterns that are more than the simple sum of individual sensations. In other words our brain build “whole patterns” or gestalts.
- 9. The Law ofPragnanz is the fundamental principle by which the whole or the gestalt, is constructed. Koffka (1930) pronounced the law, thus: “Of several geometrically possible organizations, what will be perceived is the best, simplest, and most stable shape.” Gestalt psychologists proposed other principles of organization The Principles include; FIGURE AND GROUND ORGANIZATION PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
- 10. This principle statesthat we have a natural tendency to organize a stimulus into regions corresponding to figureg round.
- 11. Rubin vase Reversible figure-ground Ambigousfigure-ground Relationship are situations in which the figure and the ground reverse from time to time, the figure becoming the ground and the ground becoming the figure again.
- 12. This other Gestaltprinciples of perceptual organization describe why certain figural elements seemed to be percieved together rather than as isolated or independent. Gestalt psychologist attempted to classify types of interaction, calling them Laws of Perception.
- 13. POXIMITY The objects arenear each other Tend to see as a unit SIMILARITY Objects are similar to each other Seen as a part of the same pattern
- 14. GOOD CONTINUATION/ CONTINUITY Objectsare arranged in either a straight line or a smooth curve CLOSURE States that even when a figure has a gap, we tend to percieved it as a closed or complete figure
- 15. COMMON FATE Objects movein the same direction Elements that move together are perceived as grouped together
- 16. Depth perception The abilityto perceive and understand the relative distances and spatial relationships of objects in three- dimensional space. Depth cues Are visual cues or pieces of information that our brain uses to perceive depth and spatial relationships in the visual scene. (2) Two main types of depth cues: MONOCULAR CUES. BINOCULAR CUES
- 17. 1.Relative Size 2. Superimposition 3.Relative height 4. Linear perspective 5. Motion parallax MONOCULAR CUES. Require the use of only one eye.
- 18. 1.Parallax/Binocular, 2. Binocular Disparity, 3.Convergence, BINOCULAR CUES. Depend on the use of both eyes,
- 19. Motion perception motion perceptionarises whenever an image moves across our retina, and implemented in the brain by specific cells in the visual system This movement is also known as Real motion. Apparent motion can occur in a variety ways including: STROBOSCOPIC MOTION 1. INDUCED MOTION 2.
- 20. STROBOSCOPIC MOTION 1. 2. INDUCEDMOTION Illustion of movement produced by a rapid pattern of stimulation on different parts of the retina which the movement of a large object induces the apparent movement of a smaller stationary object.
- 21. Visually recognizing an objectmeans assigning it to a category; for instance, you determine that a “thing” with features such as four legs, a flat seat, and a vertical back is a chair. (3) Three theoretical approaches to a pattern recognition are proposed; TEMPLATE THEORY PROTOTYPE THEORY FEATURE THEORY
- 22. EARLY STAGES In thisstage visual system utilizes retinal information in describing the object in terms of features such like; lines and angle LATE STAGES (matching) In this stages involve more complex and abstract processing that integrates and interprets the visual information
- 23. BOTTOM-UP This recognition which isdriven solely by the visual input and builds upward to an interpretation. TOP-DOWN This recognition process is driven by our stored knowledge and expectations to help resolve the ambiguities in the sensory input.
- 24. The tendency isto see a series of circles whose angles are changing, rather than four rows of different shapes. It seems as if the three black circles at the bottom are repeated into depth, as if printed on a cylinder. This is referred to as shapeconstancy—we tend to perceive the shapes as constant and moving away from us. Describe what you see here.
- 25. Size constancy 1. Lightness constancy 2. Colorconstancy 3. Shape constancy 4. Location constancy 5.
- 26. Perception is acomplex process in psychology that involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory information. Visual perception involves the processing, organization, and interpretation of visual information.
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