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Pakistan-UN Relations
This document discusses Pakistan's relationship with the United Nations from its emergence as a nation in 1947 to its contributions to UN peacekeeping missions. It covers Pakistan's disputes with neighboring countries such as Afghanistan and India over issues like borders and water rights. It also summarizes several UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan such as those in Congo, Bosnia, Somalia, and Sierra Leone. Pakistan has been one of the top contributors of troops to UN peacekeeping and has played an important role in many missions over the decades.
In this document
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Overview of Pakistan's relations with the UN beginning from its emergence on August 14, 1947.
Focus on Pakistan-India water disputes, highlighting agreements like the Indus Water Treaty established in 1960.
Rising concerns over water projects like Baglihar Dam launched in the 90s, including actions from the World Bank.
Definition, history, and goals of UN peacekeeping missions initiated to manage global conflicts.
Deep dive into the Kashmir dispute, describing the role of UN resolutions, ceasefires, and the UNMOGIP.
UNMOGIP's functions and history of monitoring ceasefires between India and Pakistan post-1948.
UNIPOM's role and operations during conflicts, extended to ensure peace on the India-Pakistan border.
Background of UNGOMAP's establishment and its role in Afghanistan following Soviet intervention.
Steps taken for withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, highlighting logistical challenges.
Overview of UNHCR's mission to assist Afghan refugees in Pakistan and related achievements.Highlights Pakistan's involvement in UN peacekeeping missions, detailing past and ongoing contributions.
Focus on UNHCR’s objectives in Pakistan regarding Afghan refugees and their overall impact.
Overview of WHO initiatives addressing public health challenges in Pakistan, including disease control.
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Pakistan-UN Relations
- 1. Pakistan – UnitedNations RelationsFrom the top
- 2. Emergence of Pakistan14thAugust 194730th September 1947 Afghanistan’s sole vote in opposition to Pakistan’s admission.
- 3.
- 4. Causes of thedisputeSteps taken:Interim agreement on May 4th 1948Approached the World Bank in 1952Indus Water Treaty 1960
- 5. Terms of theIWTPakistan – Indus, Jhelum, ChenabIndia – Sutlej, Ravi, BeasTen years of uninterrupted water supplyDams financed by: WB loansCompensation money from India
- 6.
- 7. Baglihar Dam –Initiated in 1990s and inaugurated on October 10, 20081 of the 67 projects underwaySteps taken:Formal notice in 2003Approached WB in 2005Verdict in 2007
- 8.
- 9. Define: Peacekeeping MissionsUniqueand dynamic instrument1st PK mission in 1948Currently: 63 PK missionsGoals of PK missions:Maintain CeasefiresUse of military observersLightly armed troops
- 10. Kashmir issueUNITED NATIONSMILITARY OBSERVER GROUP IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN (UNMOGIP)By: SehrishNayyer
- 11. Kashmir : theoldest dispute in UN agendaThe Kashmir dispute is the oldest unresolved international conflict in the world today.India's forcible occupation of the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 is the main cause of the dispute.India claims to have ‘signed' a controversial document, the Instrument of Accession, on 26 October 1947 with the Maharaja of Kashmir
- 12. UN CeasefireIndo-Pakistan warof 1947:This is also called the First Kashmir War. The United Nations was invited by India to mediate the quarrel.The UN mission insisted that the opinion of the Kashmiris must be ascertained.The UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21 April 1948. The war ended in December 1948 with the Line of Control dividing Kashmir into territories administered by Pakistan (northern and western areas) and India (southern, central and northeastern areas).
- 13. The Disputed Territory :Shown in green is Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. The orange-brown region represents Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir while the Aksai Chin is under Chinese occupation.
- 14. United Nations MilitaryObserver Group In India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)Mission factsLocation: The ceasefire line between India and Pakistan in the State of Jammu and Kashmir Headquarters: Islamabad (November-April) / Srinagar (May-October) Duration:January 1949 to present
- 15. In January 1948,the Security Council adopted resolution 39 (1948) , establishing the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) to investigate and mediate the dispute. In April 1948, by its resolution 47 (1948) , the Council decided various measures including the use of observers to stop the fighting.The first team of unarmed military observers, which eventually formed the nucleus of the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), arrived in the mission area in January 1949 to supervise, in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the ceasefire between India and Pakistan and to assist the Military Adviser to UNCIP.On 30 March 1951, following the termination of UNCIP, the Security Council, by its resolution 91 (1951) decided that UNMOGIP should continue to supervise the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir.
- 16. UNMOGIP's functions wereto observe and report, investigate complaints of ceasefire violations and submit its finding to each party and to the Secretary-General.At the end of 1971, hostilities broke out again between India and Pakistan. When a ceasefire came into effect on 17 December 1971, a number of positions on both sides of the 1949 ceasefire line had changed hands.In July 1972, India and Pakistan signed an agreement defining a Line of Control in Kashmir which, with minor deviations, followed the same course as the ceasefire line established by the Karachi Agreement in 1949.Following renewed hostilities of 1971, UNMOGIP has remained in the area to observe developments pertaining to the strict observance of the ceasefire of 17 December 1971 and report thereon to the Secretary-General.
- 17.
- 18. GOAL : Itwas established to supervise the ceasefire along the India-Pakistan border (except in the State of Jammu and Kashmir )and the withdrawal of all armed personnel to the positions held by them before 5 August 1965. After the withdrawal of the troops by India and Pakistan had been completed, UNIPOM was terminatedLocation Of Operation: Along the India-Pakistan border between Kashmir and the Arabian SeaHeadquarters: Lahore (Pakistan)/Amritsar (India)Duration: September 1965 - March 1966Chief Officer: Major-General B.F. Macdonald (Canada)
- 19. BACKGROUND :Principalities ofJammu and Kashmir in the Himalayas continued to give
- 20. rise to numerousborder conflicts.
- 21. Between October 1947and January 1949, there were battles in Kashmir between Indian and Pakistani troops: the first India-Pakistan war
- 22. The Security Councilresolution on 21 April 1948 which called upon both parties to implement a ceasefire
- 23. Formation of amilitary observer mission, UNMOGIP (United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan),to oversee the observance of that ceasefire from January 1949 onwards.The UN mandate, the tasks and the organization of UNIPOMThe second India-Pakistan war
- 24. Resolution 211 of20 September 1965, the Security Council called for a new ceasefire and asked Secretary-General U Thant "to provide the necessary assistance to ensure supervision of the ceasefire and withdrawal of all armed personnel"
- 25. India and Pakistanagreed to a ceasefire, which took effect on 22 September
- 26. The ceasefire inJammu and Kashmir themselves was overseen by UNMOGIP
- 27. The ceasefire inthe India-Pakistan border region from Kashmir to theArabian Sea coast was overseen by the new United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission (UNIMPOM)
- 28. UNIPOM observers onthe ground were divided into two groups, one for each side of the border.
- 29. It divided itsmission area into seven sectors, manned fourteenfield stations along the confrontation line. Where the station's location largely determined the nature of the observers' activitiesThe arrangements were made by the observers in respect of the outermostboundary to which Indian or Pakistani military personnel could patrol in certain areas also had a preventive effect
- 30. During the firstfew weeks, India and Pakistan did not make a good job of sticking to the ceasefire agreements
- 31. At the requestof India and Pakistan, UNIPOM was extended by threemonths in December 1965At the beginning of January 1966, the Soviet Union invited both parties to Tashkent to seek a solution to the conflict
- 32. On 10 January,India and Pakistan announced publicly that they were prepared to withdraw all military personnel back to the position they had been in before 5 August 1965
- 33. This withdrawal completedby 25 February
- 34. UNIPOM supervised theimplementation of the Tashkent agreement and the mission was, as agreed, terminated on 22 March 1966.UNGOMAPUNITED NATIONS GOOD OFFICES MISSION IN AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN
- 35. BACKGROUNDIn 1979, Sovietforces entered Afghanistan.UNGA deplored the armed intervention and called for immediate withdrawal of Soviet troops.UN Undersecretary General visited the region in 1981.Held extensive discussions with the Governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan.Both parties accepted his four point agenda that started the negotiating process.
- 36. Geneva negotiationsUndersecretary Generalacted as an intermediary in a series of negotiations between Afghanistan and Pakistan.The conclusion of Geneva Accords was expedited by Soviet Government desire to withdraw its forces.In Feb 1988 Soviet announced that it would start withdrawing its troops in May.In April 1988, Undersecretary General announced that settlement had been finalized.
- 37. Four points ofGeneva AccordsNon-interference and Non-intervention.A declaration of International guarantees.Return of refugeesInterrelationship for the settlement of situations relating to Afghanistan.
- 38. Mandate of UNGOMAPMandateof UNGOMAP was derived from the Accords.Included the monitoring of:Non-interference and non-intervention by parties in each other’s affairs.Return of refugeesWithdrawal of Soviet forces.
- 39. UNGOMAP DeployedAccords weresigned on 14th April 1988 and UNSC confirmed its agreements and measures.50 military observers from ten different countries were appointed in the mission.Headquarters were established in Kabul and Islamabad
- 40. Monitoring the WithdrawalSovietforces were present in 17 of the 30 provinces and controlled 18 main garrisons on 14th May,1988.UNGOMAP developed a map indicating the location of garrisonsroute to be used crossing points on border that troops would use.
- 42. Two phases ofwithdrawalIn first phase on 15th Aug 1988, 50% of the soviet troops had been withdrawn by air and land.In second phase on 12th Feb the remaining garrisons had been evacuated.UNGOMAP visited the garrisons.Confirmed that withdrawal had been done in accordance with the stipulations of fourth instrument of Geneva Accords.
- 43. Non-intervention and Non-interferenceNumerouscomplaints of intervention were lodged by both parties.Outposts were established in Peshawar and Quetta to carry out investigationsNature of the terrain and security conditions prevailing in the area hampered the work of inspection teams.
- 44. Voluntary return ofrefugeesUNGOMAP maintained close relationship with UNHCR.UNGOMAP monitored the situation inside Afghanistan and informed UNHCR of the safety conditions for the return of refugees.Up to 5 mn refugees were living in Pakistan and Iran.Only a limited number of refugees could return because fighting continued in Afghanistan.
- 45. Termination of UNGOMAPDurationof UNGOMAP mandate envisaged in Accord was 20 month after May,1988.UNSC extended the UNGOMAP mandate for two months because return of refugees was not completed.UNGOMAP mandate formally ended on 15th March, 1990.
- 46. ConclusionMujahideen resistance wereneither party to the negotiations nor to the Geneva Accords.They refused to accept the terms of agreement.As a result civil war continued during and after the withdrawal which posed difficulties for UNGOMAP.
- 47. Pakistan’s Military Contributionto the UNPeacekeeping Missions Involving PakistanPresented by: RaafayHaider Khan
- 48. Completed MissionsCongo (1960– 1964)West New Guinea (1962 – 1963)Kuwait (1991 – 1993)Haiti (1993 – 1996)Cambodia (1992 – 1993)Bosnia (1992 – 1996)Somalia (1992 – 1996)Sierra Leone (1999 – 2005)Current DeploymentDemocratic Republic of Congo (1999 – Present)Liberia (2003 – Present)Burundi (2004 – Present)Cote d’Ivoire (2004 – Present)Sudan (2005 – Present)At a Glance…
- 49. UN peacekeeping forcein Congo, est. after UNSC resolution 143 (July 14th 1960)Sent in during the Congo CrisisLogistic supportOrganized by ASCContribution: 400 troops, Ordnance, Transport Units, and Staff PersonnelZero CasualtiesOperation of the United Nations in Congo (August 1960 to May 1964)
- 50.
- 51. Exclusive responsibility ofUnited Nations Temporary Executive Authority given to PakistanPakistani Composite force: 14 Punjab Regiment, two companies of 18 Punjab RegimentPrevented skirmishes b/w Papuans and Indonesian troopsChinese Premier Chou-En-Lai said,“The only example in United Nation’s history, when a United Nation military force had gone in, performed its role honestly and came out, was Pakistan’s military contingent to Indonesia.”Contribution: 1,500 TroopsZero CasualtiesUnited Nations Security Force in New Guinea (October 1962 - April 1963)
- 52.
- 53. Est. on April9th ,1991 after the Gulf War (Res. 689)Kuwait – extreme post war problemsPak offered services for land reclamationWas assigned the most difficult are (North)Contribution:1,136 troops and civiliansZero CasualtiesUnited Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (December 1991 to October 1993)
- 54. Est. during 1991coup and military rule in HaitiPAKBAT (March 1995)Patrolling North, Northeast, and Central regions of Cape HaitienSignificant role in holding free and fair electionsEarned goodwillPakistan SchoolMr. Enerique ter Horst, UNSC’s special representative in Haiti said,“since the arrival of Pakistan Battalion in Haiti the United Nations has realized that Pakistan Army is not only a formidable fighting force but peace keepers and peace builders in the best sense of the word. The way in which they have participated in the reconstruction and humanitarian assistance programmes beyond the call of duty to ensue stable environment, makes me confident that United Nations shall very soon attain the objectives of its mission in Haiti.”Contribution : 525 TroopsZero CasualtiesUnited Nations Mission in Haiti (1993 to 1996)
- 55.
- 56. 2nd Battalion AzadKashmir Regiment dispatchedCarried out peacekeeping operations with great professionalismHearts and MindsTremendous goodwill towards peacekeepersContribution: 1,106 troops, mine clearance, and staffZero CasualtiesUnited Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (March 1992 to November 1993)
- 57.
- 58. Pakistan sent twobattalions on UN request, PAKBAT-1 & PAKBAT-2, to Bosnia and Croatia in May 1994Carried out tasks with total commitmentManaged and coordinated unforeseen eventsContribution: 3,000 troopsCasualties: 6United Nations Protection Forces in Bosnia (March 1992 to February 1996)
- 59.
- 60. Pakistan first torespond to UN callInitiated mission in Mogadishu with 500 soldiers (14 September 1992)Enlargement scale and scope of mission – cumulative force increased to 37,000UNISOM – 1 became UNITAFOlympic Hotel IncidentMajor General Thomas M. Montgomery, Deputy Commander of the United Nations Forces in Somalia in a television interview said,“Many of the soldiers are alive today because of the willingness and skill of the Pakistani soldiers who worked jointly in a rescue operation with Malaysian and American soldiers in most difficult and dangerous combat circumstances." He thanked the people and Pakistan Army for sending, "such splendid soldiers to Somalia who we feel proud to serve with. Pakistani soldiers have been completely dependable even in the most difficult circumstances. They have shouldered a huge and dangerous load for UNOSOM and the Somali people.“Contribution: 7,200 troopsCasualties: 39United Nations Operation in Somalia I (March 1992 to February 1996)
- 61.
- 62. Force of 17,500was gathered under res. 1346Pakistan largest contributor – sent composite force of three battalion groups and one engg. BattalionThe whole force was lead by Pakistani Commander SajjadAkram from October 2003 to September 2005Contribution: 5,000 troopsCasualties: 6United Nations mission in Sierra Leone (October 1999 to December 2005)
- 63.
- 64. Pakistan is currentlythe most contributing nation to the peacekeeping missions of the UNHas 10,175 troops serving in current missionsPakistan/ Pakistan Army has therefore developed strong relations with many UN membersCurrent Deployment/ Conclusion
- 65. United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees in Pakistan
- 66. Historical Background Late1970s Afghans seek sanctuary in Pakistan
- 67. Spring 1979– Pakistan asks help from UNHCR
- 68. First assistanceagreement was signed in November 1979
- 69. From 1979to 1990 – 3.3 million registered refugees
- 70. 1985 –around 300 refugee camps
- 71. The campsreceived monthly rationed food from World Food Programme
- 72. UNHCR provided– shelter, healthcare, education and vocational training
- 73. UNHCR andGovt created a network of 650 primary schools. A commisionerate for Afghan Refugees was established
- 74. Each provincial commissionerwas assisted by district administrators.
- 75. By 1986estimated 9000 Pakistanis were helped in refugee administrationsUNHCR's Main Objectives in Pakistan Assisting Afghan refugees to return home
- 76. Provide protectionand assistance to Afghan refugees in their camps and settlements in the areas of health, education, water and sanitation
- 77. Identify solutionsfor non-Afghan refugees in Pakistan
- 78. Resettle ina third country a limited number of Afghan refugees Helping Refugee WomenUNHCR promotes women committees in refugee camps Non-Afghan Refugees in Pakistan 650 non-afghans recognized as refugees
- 79. More than 1000non-afghans seeking asylum
- 80. Mainly Somalis, Iraqisand Iranians
- 81. Under an agreementin 2003 UNHCR recognized non-afghan refugees were allowed to work.Key Targets for 2010 Some 150,000 refugees repatriate voluntarily from Pakistan
- 82. Under theRIPAC project, Smart cards are issued to Afghans
- 83. Up to30 projects are implemented under the RAHA initiative
- 84. Continue toprovide humanitarian assistance to people of concern through registration
- 85. More effective safetymeasures enhance staff security.
- 86. UNHCR hasa total budget of 176,687,665 USD for the year 2010WHO in Pakistan
- 87. There are fiveprogramme areas: Communicable Diseases - Tuberculosis Control - Malaria Control - Polio Eradication InitiativePrimary Health Care/Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health - Primary health care - Maternal and newborn care - Sustainable DevelopmentHealth Promotion - Mental health - Non-communicable diseases - Health of Elderly - Tobacco free initiatives - Food safety and nutrition Health System DevelopmentEmergency Preparedness and Response
- 88. In 1993WHO introduced the DOTS strategy for the effective treatment of Tuberculosis.
- 89. 1995 –DOTS was implemented
- 90. Treatment successrate reached 86 %
- 91. At present Pakistanis a member of WHO Global Roll Back Malaria (RBM)
- 92. WHO providestechnical and financial support to RBM
- 93. Objectives of RBMprogrammes: - To reduce malaria morbidity by the end of year 2010 - To reduce malaria mortality to minimum - To prevent and control malaria outbreaks
- 94. Elimination ofMalaria 1960s and Resurgence 1970s The Basic Development Needs (BDN) initiative was launched in 1995 with WHO support
- 95. Dec 2008– 127 NGOs, 731 Village developmental committees, 107 community citizen boards, 15 health committees, 26 women organizations and 58 youth groups were functional in 9 BDN districts
- 96. WHO provided technicalsupport to nutritional wing of MOH
- 97. WHO buildpre-engineered insulated and air conditioned warehouses in DHQ Hospitals of eight flood affected districts in 2008