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Metrology and Measurements unit 2
The document discusses various linear and angular measurement instruments. It describes vernier calipers, micrometers, slip gauges, interferometers, and comparators which are used for linear measurement. Angular measurements are made using instruments like sine bars and protractors. The document also discusses different types of gauges like plug, ring, and thread gauges used for dimensional inspection of parts.
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Metrology and Measurements unit 2
- 1. Unit 2Unit 2 Linearand Angular MeasurementLinear and Angular Measurement
- 2. SyllabusSyllabus Definition of metrology Linearmeasuring instruments: Vernier, micrometer and interval measurement- Slip gauges and classification. Interferometer, optical flats and limit gauges Comparators: Mechanical, pneumatic and electrical types, applications. Angular measurements: -Sine bar, optical bevel protractor ,Taper measurements
- 3. DefinitionDefinition Metrology is thename given to the science of pure measurement. Engineering Metrology is restricted to measurements of length & angle
- 4. Linear and AngularLinearand Angular MeasurementMeasurement The Linear Measurement includes measurements of length, diameters, heights and thickness The Angular measurement includes the measurement of angles or tapers
- 5. MeasurementsMeasurements Measurement systems aremainly used in industries for quality control. Often widely using measurements are ◦ Linear Measurement ◦ Angular measurement
- 6. DimensionsDimensions A very commonmeasurement is that of dimensions, i.e., length, width, height of an object Dimensions of the measuring instruments are classified as follows ◦ Low resolution devices (up to 0.25mm) ◦ Medium resolution devices (up to 0.0025mm) ◦ High resolution devices (less than microns)
- 7. Low resolution devicesLowresolution devices Steel rule Steel rule with assistance of ◦ Calipers ◦ Dividers & ◦ Surface gauges Thickness gauges
- 8. Medium resolution devicesMediumresolution devices Micrometer Micrometer with assistance of ◦ Telescoping ◦ Extendable ball gauges Vernier calipers Dial indicators Microscope
- 9. High resolution devicesHighresolution devices Gauge blocks Gauge block with assistance of ◦ Mechanical comparator ◦ Electronic comparator ◦ Pneumatic comparator ◦ Optical flats
- 10. Linear Measuring InstrumentsLinearMeasuring Instruments Vernier caliper Micrometer Slip gauge or gauge blocks Optical flats Interferometer Comparators
- 11. Vernier caliperVernier caliper Componentsof vernier calipers are ◦ Main scale ◦ Vernier scale ◦ Fixed jaw ◦ Movable jaw Types of vernier calipers ◦ Type A vernier caliper ◦ Type B vernier caliper ◦ Type C vernier caliper
- 12. Type A VernierCaliperType A Vernier Caliper
- 13. Type B VernierCaliperType B Vernier Caliper
- 14. Type C VernierCaliperType C Vernier Caliper
- 15. VERNIER CALIPERVERNIER CALIPER Verniercalipers are available in size of 150 mm, 225 mm, 900 mm and 1200 mm. The selection of the size depends on the measurements to be taken. Vernier calipers are precision instruments, and extreme care should be taken while handing them.
- 16. Vernier caliperVernier caliper VERIERCALIPER WITH 0.02MM LEAST COUNT IS GENERLY USED IM WORK SHOP. In this Vernier caliper main scale division (49mm) are divided in to 50 equal part in the Vernier scale. i.e. 1 main scale division =1 mm (MSD) 1. Vernier scale division =4950 mm (VSD) Least count is 1mm – 4950 =150 mm THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1.MSD and 1. VSD=0.02MM
- 17. ExampleExample Main scale reading=35mm The vernier division coinciding with the main scale is the 20th division. Value=20 multiplied by 0.02=0.40mm. Total reading is 35mm+0.40= 35.40mm 35.40 mm
- 18. Vernier Depth GaugeVernierDepth Gauge A vernier depth is very commonly used precision instrument for measuring depth of holes recesses, slot and step. Its construction and method of reading are similar to those of a vernier caliper.
- 19. VERNIER DEPTH GAUGEVERNIERDEPTH GAUGE Base Graduated beam Clamping screw Fine adjustment mechanism Vernier scale
- 20. VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGEVERNIERHEIGHT GAUGE The main parts of a vernier height gauge and their function are given. 1.base 2. beam 3.vernier slide 4. fine setting device 5. vernier plate 6. locking screws 7. scriber
- 21. MICRO METERMICRO METER Amicro meter is a precision instrument used to measure a job, generally within an accuracy of 0.01mm.Micrometer used to take the outside measurements are know as outside micrometer.
- 22. PARTS OF MICROMETERPARTSOF MICROMETER Frame Anvil and spindle Screwed spindle Graduated sleeve or barrel Ratchet or friction stop Spindle clamp
- 23. Interval measurementsInterval measurements Slipgauges Interferometer Optical flats and limit gauges Comparators
- 24. SLIP GAUGESLIP GAUGE Slipgauges are rectangular blocks of steel having a cross-section of about 30 by 10 mm Normal set Range Step Pieces 1.001 to 1.009 0.001 9 1.01 to 1.09 0.01 9 1.1 to 1.9 0.1 9 1 to 9 1 9 10 to 90 10 9 Total 45
- 25. Special Set Range StepPieces 1.001 to 1.009 0.001 9 1.01 to 1.49 0.01 49 1.5 to 9.5 0.5 19 10 to 90 10 9 Total 86
- 26. ClassificationClassification AA slip gauges Aslip gauges and B slip gauges
- 27. AA slip gauges ◦Master slip gauges ◦ Accurate to plus or minus two microns per meter A slip gauges ◦ Reference purpose ◦ Type A is guaranteed accurate up to plus or minus four microns per meter B slip gauges ◦ Working slip gauges ◦ Type 'B' for plus or minus eight microns per meter
- 28. ClassesClasses Grade 2 Grade 1 Grade0 Grade 00 Calibration grade
- 29. Grade 2Grade 2 Thisis the workshop grade Typical uses include setting up machine tools, positioning milling cutters and checking mechanical width.
- 30. Grade 1Grade 1 Usedfor more precise work, -tool room. Typical uses include setting up ◦ Sine bars and sine tables ◦ Checking gap gauges and ◦ Setting dial test indicators to zero
- 31. Grade 0Grade 0 Thisis more commonly known as the Inspection grade Inspection Department only who have access to this grade of slips
- 32. Grade 00Grade 00 Thisgrade would be kept in the Standard Room and would be kept for work of the highest precision only. Determination of any errors present in the workshop or Grade 2 slips.
- 33. Calibration gradeCalibration grade Calibrationgrade are used for calibration of slip gauges, other measuring instruments
- 34.
- 35. PrinciplePrinciple Interferometers are opticalinstruments used for measuring flatness Determining minute differences in length by direct reference to the wavelength of light.
- 37. Principle of interferometerPrincipleof interferometer
- 38.
- 39.
- 40. FringesFringes A ◦ Here theerror is indicated by the amount by which the fringes are out of parallelism with those on the base plate B ◦ If the work piece is concave or convex, fringe pattern will be as shown in Figure (b). C ◦ The surface is flat with slight rounding off at the corner
- 41. Optical flatsOptical flats Opticalflats can be used to measure the flatness ◦ An optical reference flat of known quality ◦ A monochromatic light box ◦ Solvent and cleaning material
- 42. Typical setup ofoptical flatTypical setup of optical flat
- 43.
- 44. Fringe PatternFringe Pattern Air wedges ◦ Flatness error of zero ◦ Cylinder with flatness error of two fringes Contact method ◦ Convex Cylinder ◦ Concave Cylinder ◦ Convex Sphere ◦ Concave Sphere ◦ Convex Spheroid ◦ Concave Spheroid ◦ Saddle ◦ Highly Irregular
- 45. Air wedgeAir wedge Flatnesserror of zero (a) (a) (b) Cylinder with flatness error of two fringes (b)
- 46. Contact methodContact method ConvexCylinder Concave Cylinder
- 47.
- 48. ApplicationApplication Front and rearsurface mirrors gauge blocks Bearings Seals and Anvils
- 49.
- 50. 50 GaugesGauges Basic dimension: exactsize of part from which all limiting variations made Limits: maximum and minimum dimensions Tolerance: permissible variation of part ◦ unilateral: one direction only ◦ Bilateral: both plus and minus (two directions) Allowance: intentional difference in dimensions of mating parts
- 51. 51 Fixed GaugesFixed Gauges Usedfor inspection purposes ◦ Provide quick means of checking specific dimension Easy to use and accurately finished to required tolerance ◦ Generally finished to ten times the tolerance designed to control
- 52. 52 CylindricalCylindrical Plug GaugesPlug Gauges Dimensionsusually stamped on handle at each end. Go "go" end longer than "no-go" for easy identification Many made with carbide tips to increase gauge life
- 53. 53 Cylindrical Plug GaugesCylindricalPlug Gauges
- 54. 54 Cylindrical Plug gaugeCylindricalPlug gauge
- 55. 55 Plain Ring GaugesPlainRing Gauges Used to check outside diameter of pieces Ground and lapped internally to desired size ◦ Size stamped on side of gauge Outside diameter knurled and "no-go" end identified by annular groove on knurled surface Precautions and procedures similar to those outlined for a plug gauge
- 56. 56 Plain Ring gaugesPlainRing gauges
- 57. 57 Taper Plug GaugesTaperPlug Gauges Used to check size of hole and taper accuracy Made with standard or special tapers Some have "go" and "no-go" rings scribed ◦ gauge fits into hole between two rings means within required tolerance
- 58. 58 Taper Plug andRing GaugesTaper Plug and Ring Gauges
- 59. 59 Thread Plug GaugesThreadPlug Gauges Used for checking internal threads of the "go" and "no-go" variety Based on same principle as cylindrical plug gauges "go" end (longer end) ◦ Should be turned in flush to bottom of hole "no-go" end ◦ Should just start into hole and become snug before third thread enters
- 60. 60 Thread Plug GaugesThreadPlug Gauges
- 61. 61 Thread Ring GaugesThreadRing Gauges
- 62. 62 Snap GaugesSnap Gauges Oneof most common types of comparative measuring instruments Faster to use than micrometers Limited in their application Used to check diameters within certain limits by comparing part size to preset dimension of snap gauge
- 63. 63 Snap GaugesSnap Gauges HaveC-shaped frame with adjustable gauging anvils or rolls set to "go" and "no-go" limits of the part Several styles
- 64. FEELER GAUGEFEELER GAUGE Afeeler gauge (also known as a thickness gauge) is an accurately manufactured strip of metal that is used to determine the gap or clearance between two components.
- 65. FEELER GAUGEFEELER GAUGE A feeler gauge can be used to check the following: ◦ Piston ring gap ◦ Piston ring side clearance ◦ Connecting rod side clearance
- 66. Radius GaugeRadius Gauge Aradius gauge is a tool used to measure the radius of an object. 66
- 67. Thread Pitch GaugeThreadPitch Gauge It used to quickly determine the pitch of various threads by matching the teeth on the leaves with teeth on the work. 67
- 68. ComparatorsComparators Mechanical comparators Electrical comparators Opticalcomparators Pneumatic comparators
- 69.
- 70. It is aprecision instrument employed to compare the dimension of a given component with a working standard It does not measure the actual dimension but indicates how much it differs from the basic dimension
- 71.