Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to IoTConcept&Architecture.grt kerning gud to seeppt
IoTConcept&Architecture.grt kerning gud to seeppt
- 1. Internet of Things (Concepts& Architecture)
- 2. 2 Internet appears everywherein the world It is primarily connection between people Move from Internet of People Internet of Things Internet of Things is a plan to connect things also using the same medium
- 3. Quick Look: What IsWeb????? A network of fine threads constructed by a spider from fluid secreted by its spinnerets, used to catch its prey. A complex system of interconnected elements. In terms Of Internet Web is……. Web pages are formatted in a language called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). ... The Web uses HTTP protocol to transmit data and share information. Browsers such as Internet Explorer, Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox are used to access Web documents, or Web pages, which are connected via links.
- 4. Technologies Redefining Telecom Movingfrom (VOIP To EOIP)
- 5. India in 2021.. ImmenseOpportunities to explore new services and business models… Source: Statista and Frost & Sullivan Mobile Internet Users Social Network Users Pay TV Subscribers DTH Subscribers Online Video Viewers IoT devices Mobile Gamers Internet Users Online Video Subscribers Smartphones
- 6. Challenges Falling ARPU Proliferation ofData Investments in Network Infrastructure Investments in Spectrum Auctions
- 7. Shift in RevenueGenerating Capabilities for Telecom Services… Source: Era refers to the prominence of a particular technology in the period. More than one technology can coexist. As explained in the accompanying text, it is expected that 2G and 4G will exist simultaneously. Source: Frost & Sullivan Exhibit 03: Evolution of Telecom Services, India, 2000-2025 2010 2017 2025 Era of 2G Era of 3G Era of 4G Era of 5G Higher Revenue Generating Medium Revenue Generating Lower Revenues Generating Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data driven Services Data driven Services Data driven Services Data driven Services Data driven Services Data driven Services Voice over IP Voice over IP Voice over LTE Voice over LTE Voice over LTE IP Video IP Video IP Video IP Video Augmented Reality/Virtu al Reality Augmented Reality/Virtu al Reality Augmented Reality/Virtu al Reality Internet of Things Internet of Things Home Automation
- 8. Advanced Technologies Adoptionto Address Challenges… Source: Frost & Sullivan Self Organising Networks Software Defined Networks (SDN) Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Robotic Process Automation Enable planning, configuration, management, optimization and self- healing of mobile radio access networks. Network Function Virtualisation (NVF) Cloud Native Business Intelligence to Artificial Intelligence Automate non- critical applications and services
- 9. IoT Overview The DigitalExplosion 9
- 10. The next stepin internet evolution Source: Alcatel-Lucent Pre- internet Internet of CONTENT Internet of SERVICES Internet of PEOPLE Internet of THINGS + IP networks + IT platforms & services + devices & apps + sensors, more devices & tags, big data “SOCIAL MEDIA” “WEB 2.0” “WWW” “HUMAN TO HUMAN” • Fixed & mobile telephony • SMS • e-mail • Information • Entertainment • … • e-productivity • e-commerce • … • Skype • Facebook • YouTube • … • Identification, tracking, monitoring, metering, … • Automation, actuation, payment, … • … “MACHINE TO MACHINE” + ambient context, data semantics The Internet gave us the opportunity to connect in ways we could never have dreamed possible. The Internet of Things will take us beyond connection to become part of a living, moving, global nervous system
- 11. IoT Overview History ofIoT 11
- 12.
- 13. 13 Motion sensor Motion sensor Motionsensor ECG sensor Internet IOT: People connecting with Things
- 14. 14 - Complex andheterogeneous resources and networks IoT: Things connecting with Things
- 15. • First mentionedin 1999 by the MIT Auto-ID Center. • IoT meant to “create a universal environment in which computers understand the world without human intervention.” • IoT was simply the tool that would be used to merge the worlds of bits and atoms. • Over 15 years after its inception, IoT is now seen as a modern, fresh concept in our connected world…with many different definitions.
- 16. • The Webof Things (WoT) is a term used to describe approaches, software architectural styles and programming patterns that allow real-world objects to be part of the World Wide Web. • While IoT is about creating a network of objects, things , people, system and applications ,WoT tries to integrate them to Web. • WoT can be thought as flavor/Option of an application layer added over the IoT‘s network layer . What is WoT?
- 17. Automation Merging of thephysical world with the virtual world in order to give virtual lives to inanimate objects, ideas and concepts and through those lives to impact both the physical and the virtual lives of man, machine and things. 6th Sense of World Monitoring Improved Visibility Distributed Control Augmented Reality Ant-like Intelligence Disembodied Intelligence Augmented Virtuality Internet of Things
- 18. Connected by Connected b Billionsof Things are Already Connected to the IoT!
- 19.
- 20. IoT Overview IoT Definition Note1- Through the exploitation of identification, data capture, processing and communication capabilities, the IoT makes full use of things to offer services to all kinds of applications, whilst ensuring that security and privacy requirements are fulfilled. Note 2 – From a broader perspective, the IoT can be perceived as a vision with technological and societal implications. 20 A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- 21. IoT Overview 21 Allof the definitions describe scenarios in which network connectivity and computing capability extends to a constellation of objects, devices, sensors, and everyday items that are not ordinarily considered to be “computers’’; this allows the devices to generate, exchange, and consume data, often with minimal human intervention. The various definitions of IoT do not necessarily disagree—rather they emphasize different aspects of the IoT phenomenon from different focal points and use cases.
- 22. ALTERNATE DEFINATION: The Internetof Things (IOT)is the Network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external environment.
- 23. Fundamental Characteristics ofIoT Fundamental Characteristics of IoT Interconnecti vity Things-related services Hetero- geneity Dynamic changes Enormous scale Source: ITU 23
- 24. Fundamental Requirements ofIoT Identification-based connectivity Interoperability Autonomic networking Autonomic services provisioning Location-based capabilities Security Privacy protection High quality and highly secure human body related services Plug and play Manageability Source: ITU 24
- 25. IoT Elements •Object ID •Addressing Identification •GatherningData from related objects Sensing •Using low power Communication •Processing units and Software Applications represent “brain” and computational ability of IoT Computation •Use cases Services •Ability to extract knoweldge smartly by different machines to provide the required services Semantics 25
- 26.
- 27. 27 Integrated Application Information Processing NetworkConstruction Sensing & Identification Smart Grid Green Building Smart Transport Env. Monitor Data Center Search Engine Smart Decision Info. Security Data Mining WWAN WPAN WMAN WLAN Internet GPS Smart Device RFID Sensor Sensor IoT Architecture
- 28. IoT Overview 28 IoTCommunications Models Device-To-Device Communications Device-To-Cloud Communications Device-to-Gateway Model Back-End Data Sharing Model IAB RFC 7452 - “Architectural Considerations in Smart Object Networking’’
- 29. IoT Overview 29 Device-To-DeviceCommunication Model
- 30. IoT Overview 30 Device-To-CloudCommunications
- 31.
- 32. IoT Overview 32 Back-EndData-Sharing Model
- 33.
- 34.
- 35. ATIS Board ofDirectors’ Meeting (ISO/IEC 14543-3-10) (ITU-T G.9959) IoT Last Mile Technology Standards 6LowPAN (IETF RFC 4944) IEEE 802.15.4 WirelessHART (IEC 62591) Contiki ISO/IEC 18000-6 ISO/IEC 18000-3 ISO/IEC 18000-7 NFC 35
- 36. 36 Beaglebon e black Raspberry Pi IntelGalileo Arduino Uno IoT Hardware
- 37. 37 Board ConnectionExamples
- 38. 38 Sensors availablein Market
- 39. Fundamental Characteristics ofIoT Areas IoT enablers: RFID Nano Technology Sensors Smart Networks
- 40.
- 41. 41 IoT Makes Smart Smartmeans: Dictionery Meaning: smart definition: 1. having a clean, tidy, and stylish appearance: 2. A place or event that is fashionable, stylish, or rich people: 3. intelligent, or able. Eg; She tends to wear quite smart clothes for work. I need some smart trousers for work. in a clever and effective way: We have to work hard and worksmart. They are encouraging people to eatsmart and adopt a healthy lifestyle
- 42. IoT Overview Applications 42 SMART Healthcare Devicesconnects to hospitals, doctors, relatives to alert them of medical emergencies take the measures accordingly. Smart Vehicles Vehicles Self diagnosed themselves and alert owners about system failure Smart Cities City wide infrastructure communicating amongst themselves for unified and synchronized operations
- 43. IoT Overview Applications 43 Smart Dust Computerssmaller than a grain of Sand can be sprayed or injected almost anywhere to measure the chemicals in the soil or to diagnose the problems in the human body in the human body
- 44. IoT Overview Modern DayIOT 44 Smart Parking Smart Health Noise Urban Maps Smart Phone Detection Traffic Congestion Smart Lighting Waste Managements Smart Roads ………..are only very few.
- 45. IoT Overview Modern DayIOT 45 Forest Fire Detection Air pollution Earth Quake early detection Water Leakages Radiation Levels Intelligent Shopping applications Inventory/Retail Management
- 46. IoT Overview IoT Network@ enablers 46
- 47. IoT Overview IoT Network@ Connectivity Layers 47
- 48. IoT Overview IoT Network@ Base Line Technologies 48
- 49. IoT Overview IoT VsWoT 49
- 50. IoT Overview IoT VsWoT 50
- 51. IoT Overview IoT VsWoT 51
- 52.
- 53.
- 54.
- 55. A “DEVICE”, sensor, meter,etc., captures “something”, e.g., location, level, heat, motion, vital sign, usage, etc. that is transported through a “NETWORK” (wireless, wired or mixed) to an “APPLICATION”, which makes sense of the captured data, e.g., stolen vehicle location, etc. What is M2M? A Conceptual Picture 55
- 56. Introduction Source: ITU-T Y.2060(06/2012) 56
- 57. IoT Overview IoT Network=/=M2M 57
- 58. IoT Overview IoT Network=/=M2M 58
- 59. 59 Five main challengesin IoT
- 60. Various Communication Technologies Source:KEYSIGHT 60
- 61. 61 IoT Technologies: Communication Technology
- 62. 62 Technologies addressing differentIoT Segments Source: "Cellular Networks for massive IoT," - Ericsson
- 63. Fixed & ShortRange • RFID • Bluetooth • Zigbee • WiFi 63 IoT Communication Technologies Long Range technologies Non 3GPP Standards (LPWAN) • LoRaWAN • Sigfox • Weightless • RPMA • Others 3GPP Standards • LTE-M • EC-GSM • NB-IoT • 5G
- 64.
- 65. Industrial IoT (IIOT) = IoTin Manufacturing
- 66. Industry 4.0 Industry 4.0 isa name for the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the Fourth Industrial Revolution. 1784 1870 1969 TODAY INDUSTRY 1.0 INDUSTRY 2.0 INDUSTRY 3.0 INDUSTRY 4.0 Mechanization, steam power, weaving loom Mass production, assembly line, electrical energy Automation, computers and electronics Cyber Physical Systems, Internet of Things, Networks
- 67. INDUSTRY 4.0 –In Action
- 68. - Resource and Energy Monitoring EmployeeMonitoring Customer Recognition Physical Security Connected Production Floor Traffic and Fleet Management Connected Retail Asset Tracking Logistics 4.0
- 69. 69 ATIS Board ofDirectors’ Meeting Two Paradigms for IoT are Emerging • Brain-Body Merge – intelligence is added to everyday things in your world, so that your life can be more awesome. • Head in the Clouds – identification and wireless connectivity is added to everyday things in your world and intelligence is supported in the cloud, so that your life can be more awesome. 69
- 70. 70 • The IoTtechnologies have been around for a long time • Advances in communication and connectivity are allowing the “interconnectedness” needed for IoT • The value is in the data not the connections • The data allows you to make autonomous decision based on business rules closer to the edge It’s all about the data!™ Slide courtesy of Evanhoe and Associates
- 71. • Data Confidentiality •Privacy Preserving Data Correlation – Personal and population privacy – Privacy enhancing techniques – Data service monetization • Data publication • Privacy implication of data quality • Data ownership • Data lifecycle management (Some) Big Data Security Challenges
- 72. 72 •IoT has beenwidely deployed with limited to no security. •As massive amounts of data are being collected, stored, manipulated, merged, analyzed, and expunged, security and privacy concerns will have begun to explode. •Need scalable and practical solutions to Big Data Security and Privacy as well as applying Big Data Management and Analytics for Cyber Security. • Final Thoughts
- 73. 73 FUTURE OF IoT Itmay soon become rare to find an IoT implementation that does not make some use of AI. The International Data Corp. predicts that by 2019, AI will support “all effective” IoT efforts and without AI, data from the deployments will have “limited value.” Final Thoughts
- 74. 74 • •Need to developtechnologies guided by policies to address security and privacy issues throughout the lifecycle of the data. •Need to understand not only the societal impact of IoT and its ubiquitous data collection, use and analysis, also need to formulate appropriate laws and policies for such activities. Final Thoughts
- 75.
Editor's Notes
- #4 The legacy telecom ecosystem has been designed considering voice as the major service provided on networks. The entire operations related to network optimization, monitoring, performance and customer experience was built around voice and a bit of data on it. It has become imperative to analyse how networks behave in data intensive traffic, to address the challenges related to customer acquisition and retention. There is a need for new tools and solutions for analysing this paradigm.
- #7 The legacy telecom ecosystem has been designed considering voice as the major service provided on networks. The entire operations related to network optimization, monitoring, performance and customer experience was built around voice and a bit of data on it. It has become imperative to analyse how networks behave in data intensive traffic, to address the challenges related to customer acquisition and retention. There is a need for new tools and solutions for analysing this paradigm.
- #8 With proliferation of smartphones and app-based solutions, the revenue had shifted from voice to data and data related services. In 2017, telecom operators realised that the revenue was not just dependent on voice and data and data related solutions but video as well. Though TV is still the major video viewing platform, over the top (OTT) video habit has risen among the GenY who want to view videos online secluded from others in the family. After 2017, in order to improve the viewing experience of online video, technologies like augmented reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) will gain traction. Internet of Things(IoT) will be enabled by wide spread 4G adoption.
- #9 telecom operators want to utilise new age technologies such as automation, robotics, Machine Learning(ML), Artificial Intelligence(AI), network virtualisation, software defined networks(SDN) and self-optimising networks (SON) to address the current challenges and make the networks future-proof. Telecom operators are embracing these technologies at various levels of maturity and will expand their adoption based on the demands of the existing systems and development of advanced service capabilities.
- #10 By 2020 the Internet traffic will shift dramatically!. Most of the IP traffic will originate from other than personal computers (PCs). Wi-Fi traffic will exceed wired traffic and Full HD video will generate more traffic than standard video. According to a recent report issued by Cisco, the number of connected devices (i.e. through IPv6 and evolution) will grow to some 50 billion devices by 2020. The internet traffic will get close to 44 Zettabytes (i.e. 10^21 bytes)! In the Football World Cup in Brazil (June 2014), the Video streaming and internet broadcasting have generated 4.3 Exabytes (i.e. 10^18 bytes) of IP traffic, which is 3X the monthly IP traffic typically generated by Brazil.
- #11 M2M has been around for several decades now Some deployments date back more than 20 years. However M2M markets are struggling to realise the full M2M market potential What exactly is Internet of Things : Smart Systems and the Internet of Things are driven by a combination of Sensors & Actuators, Connectivity, People & Processes Trillion Dollar Opportunity - Unlimited possibilities; Harbor Research – $180 Billion in 2014 will grow to $1 Trillion IDC forecasts - The worldwide market for IoT solutions will grow from $1.9 trillion in 2013 to $7.1 trillion in 2020 Cisco - $19 trillion forecast for the economic value created by the “Internet of Everything” by 2020 India and China are biggest contributor..
- #12 The term “Internet of Things” (IoT) was first used in 1999 by British technology pioneer Kevin Ashton to describe a system in which objects in the physical world could be connected to the Internet by sensors. Ashton coined the term to illustrate the power of connecting Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags used in corporate supply chains to the Internet in order to count and track goods without the need for human intervention
- #21 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #24 The fundamental characteristics of the IoT are: Interconnectivity: Anything can be interconnected with the global information and communication infrastructure. Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-related services within the constraints of things which requires changes in the technologies for both physical world and information world. Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through different networks. Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed. Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically. Enormous scale: The magnitude of number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be much larger than the devices connected to the current Internet. The ratio of communication triggered by devices as compared to communication triggered by humans will noticeably shift towards device-triggered communication. Even more critical will be the management of the data generated and their interpretation for application purposes. This relates to semantics of data, as well as efficient data handling.
- #25 The following provide high-level requirements which are relevant for the IoT: Identification-based connectivity: The IoT needs to support that the connectivity between a thing and the IoT is established based on the thing's identifier. Also, this includes that possibly heterogeneous identifiers of the different things are processed in a unified way. Interoperability: Interoperability needs to be ensured among heterogeneous and distributed systems for provision and consumption of a variety of information and services. Autonomic networking: Autonomic networking (including self-management, self-configuring, self-healing, self-optimizing and self-protecting techniques and/or mechanisms) needs to be supported in the networking control functions of the IoT, in order to adapt to different application domains, different communication environments and large numbers and types of devices. Autonomic services provisioning: The services need to be able to be provided by capturing, communicating and processing automatically the data of things based on the rules configured by operators or customized by subscribers. Autonomic services may depend on the techniques of automatic data fusion and data mining. Location-based capabilities: This need to be supported in the IoT. Something-related communications and services will depend on the location information of things and/or users. It is needed to sense and track the location information automatically. Location-based communications and services may be constrained by laws and regulations, and should comply with security requirements. Security: In the IoT, every 'thing' is connected which results in significant security threats, such as threats towards confidentiality, authenticity and integrity of both data and services. A critical example of security requirements is the need to integrate different security policies and techniques related to the variety of devices and user networks in the IoT. Privacy protection: Privacy protection needs to be supported in the IoT. Many things have their owners and users. Sensed data of things may contain private information concerning their owners or users. The IoT needs to support privacy protection during data transmission, aggregation, storage, mining and processing. Privacy protection should not set a barrier to data source authentication. High quality and highly secure human body related services: Human body related services refer to the services provided by capturing, communicating and processing the data related to human static features and dynamic behaviour with or without human intervention. Different countries have different laws and regulations on these services. Plug and play: Plug and play capability needs to be supported in the IoT in order to enable on-the-fly generation, composition or the acquiring of semantic-based configurations for seamless integration and cooperation of interconnected things with applications, and responsiveness to application requirements. Manageability: Manageability needs to be supported in the IoT in order to ensure normal network operations. IoT applications usually work automatically without the participation of people, but their whole operation process should be manageable by the relevant parties.
- #26 There are six main elements to deliver the functionality of the IoT: 1. Identification: Identification is identification methods - Electronic product codes (EPC) and ubiquitous codes (uCode). Ucode- 128 bits. Ucode is application and technology agnostic. Furthermore, addressing the IoT objects is critical to differentiate between object ID and its address. Object ID refers to its name such as “T1” for a particular temperature sensor and object’s address refers to its address within a communications network. In addition, addressing methods of IoT objects include IPv6 and IPv4. 6LoWPAN, provides a compression mechanism over IPv6 headers that makes IPv6 addressing appropriate for low power wireless networks. Distinguishing between object’s identification and address is imperative since identification methods are not globally unique, so addressing assists to uniquely identify objects. In addition, objects within the network might use public IPs and not private ones. Identification methods are used to provide a clear identity for each object within the network. 2. Sensing The IoT sensing means gathering data from related objects within the network and sending it back to a data warehouse, database, or cloud. The collected data is analyzed to take specific actions based on required services. The IoT sensors can be smart sensors, actuators or wearable sensing devices. For example, companies like Wemo, revolv and SmartThings offer smart hubs and mobile applications that enable people to monitor and control thousands of smart devices and appliances inside buildings using their smartphones. Single Board Computers (SBCs) integrated with sensors and built-in TCP/IP and security functionalities are typically used to realize IoT products (e.g., Arduino Yun, Raspberry PI, BeagleBone Black, etc.). Such devices typically connect to a central management portal to provide the required data by customers. 3. C. Communication The IoT communication technologies connect heterogeneous objects together to deliver specific smart services. Typically, the IoT nodes should operate using low power in the presence of lossy and noisy communication links. Examples of communication protocols used for the IoT are WiFi, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4, Z-wave, and LTE-Advanced. Some specific communication technologies are also in use like RFID, Near Field Communication (NFC) and ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB). RFID is the first technology used to realize the M2M concept (RFID tag and reader). The RFID tag represents a simple chip or label attached to provide object’s identity. The RFID reader transmits a query signal to the tag and receives reflected signal from the tag, which in turn is passed to the database. The database connects to a processing center to identify objects based on the reflected signals within a (10 cm to 200 m) range. RFID tags can be active, passive or semi-passive/active. Active tags are powered by battery while passive ones do not need battery. Semi-passive/active tags use board power when needed. The NFC protocol works at high frequency band at 13.56MHz and supports data rate up to 424 kbps. The applicable range is up to 10 cm where communication between active readers and passive tags or two active readers can occur. The UWB communication technology is designed to support communications within a low range coverage area using low energy and high bandwidth whose applications to connect sensors have been increased recently. Another communication technology is WiFi that uses radio waves to exchange data amongst things within 100 m range. WiFi allows smart devices to communicate and exchange information without using a router in some ad hoc configurations. Bluetooth presents a communication technology that is used to exchange data between devices over short distances using short-wavelength radio to minimize power consumption. Recently, the Bluetooth special interest group (SIG) produced Bluetooth 4.1 that provides Bluetooth Low Energy as well as high-speed and IP connectivity to support IoT. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard specifies both a physical layer and a medium access control for low power wireless networks targeting reliable and scalable communications. LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is originally a standard wireless communication for high-speed data transfer between mobile phones based on GSM/UMTS network technologies. It can cover fast-travelling devices and provide multicasting and broadcasting services. LTE-A (LTE Advanced) is an improved version of LTE including bandwidth extension which supports up to 100 MHz, downlink and uplink spatial multiplexing, extended coverage, higher throughput and lower latencies. D. Computation Processing units (e.g., microcontrollers, microprocessors, SOCs, FPGAs) and software applications represent the “brain” and the computational ability of the IoT. Various hardware platforms were developed to run IoT applications such as Arduino, UDOO, FriendlyARM, Intel Galileo, Raspberry PI, Gadgeteer, BeagleBone, Cubieboard,Z1,WiSense, Mulle, and T-Mote Sky. Furthermore,many software platforms are utilized to provide IoT functionalities. Among these platforms, Operating Systems are vital since they run for the whole activation time of a device. There are severalReal-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) that are good candidates for the development ofRTOS-based IoT applications. For instance, the Contiki RTOS has been used widely in IoT scenarios. Contiki has a simulator called Cooja which allows researcher and developers to simulate and emulate IoT and wireless sensor network (WSN) applications [36]. TinyOS [37], LiteOS [38] and Riot OS [39] also offer light weight OS designed for IoT environments. Moreover, some auto industry leaders with Google established the Open Auto Alliance (OAA) and are planning to bring new features to the Android platform to accelerate the adoption of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) paradigm [40]. Some features of these operating systems are compared in Table I. Cloud Platforms form another important computational part of the IoT. These platforms provide facilities for smart objects to send their data to the cloud, for big data to be processed in real-time, and eventually for end-users to benefit from the knowledge extracted from the collected big data. There are a lot of free and commercial cloud platforms and frameworks available to host IoT services. Some of these services are introduced in Section VII-B.
- #30 Devices use protocols like Bluetooth, Z-Wave, or ZigBee to establish direct device-to-device communications It allows devices to adhere to a particular communication protocol to communicate and exchange messages to achieve their function commonly used in applications like home automation systems Devices usually have built-in security and trust mechanisms (Device-specific data models require redundant development efforts by device manufacturers). Underlying device-to-device communication protocols are not compatible, forcing the user to select a family of devices that employ a common protocol.
- #31 IoT device is directly connected to an Internet cloud service using existing communications mechanisms like IP network. Enables the user to obtain remote access to their devices and their software updates. This model adds value to the end user by extending the capabilities of the device beyond its native features. Interoperability challenges can arise when attempting to integrate devices made by different manufacturers. “vendor lock-in’’ - If proprietary data protocols are the user may be tied to a specific cloud service, limiting or preventing the use of alternative service providers.
- #32 Also known as device-to-application-layer gateway (ALG) model IoT device connects through an ALG service as a conduit to reach a cloud service. Application software operating on a local gateway device, which acts as an intermediary between the device and the cloud service and provides security and other functionality such as data or protocol translation. Several forms of this model are found Smartphone App e.g. personal fitness trackers SmartThings hub devices e.g. Home automation applications. Can also bridge the interoperability gap between devices themselves. Frequently used to integrate new smart devices into a legacy system with devices that are not natively interoperable with them. The development of the ALG software and system adds complexity and cost to the overall system. It is expected that in the future, more generic gateways will be deployed to lower cost and infrastructure complexity for end consumers, enterprises, and industrial environments.
- #33 CoAP-Constrained Application Protocol JSON-JAVA SCRIPT OBJECT NOTATION users to export and analyze smart object data from a cloud service in combination with data from other sources. This approach is an extension of the single device-to-cloud communication model, which can lead to data silos where “IoT devices upload data only to a single application service provider’’. A back-end sharing architecture allows the data collected from single IoT device data streams to be aggregated and analyzed. Effective back-end data-sharing architectures allow users to move their data when they switch between IoT services, breaking down traditional data silo barriers. This architecture model is an approach to achieve interoperability among these back-end systems. As the IETF Journal suggests, “Standard protocols can help but are not sufficient to eliminate data silos because common information models are needed between the vendors.”
- #35 The IoT ecosystem is composed of a variety of business players. Each business player plays at least one business role, but more roles are possible. The identified IoT business roles are shown in Figure. Device provider: The device provider is responsible for devices providing raw data and/or content to the network provider and application provider according to the service logic. Network provider: The network provider plays a central role in the IoT ecosystem. In particular, the network provider performs the following main functions: access and integration of resources provided by other providers; support and control of the IoT capabilities infrastructure; offering of IoT capabilities, including network capabilities and resource exposure to other providers. Platform provider:The platform provider provides integration capabilities and open interfaces. Different platforms can provide different capabilities to application providers. Platform capabilities include typical integration capabilities, as well as data storage, data processing or device management. Support for different types of IoT applications is also possible. Application provider:The application provider utilizes capabilities or resources provided by the network provider, device provider and platform provider, in order to provide IoT applications to application customers. Application customer:The application customer is the user of IoT application(s) provided by the application provider.
- #40 The fundamental characteristics of the IoT are: Interconnectivity: Anything can be interconnected with the global information and communication infrastructure. Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-related services within the constraints of things which requires changes in the technologies for both physical world and information world. Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through different networks. Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed. Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically. Enormous scale: The magnitude of number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be much larger than the devices connected to the current Internet. The ratio of communication triggered by devices as compared to communication triggered by humans will noticeably shift towards device-triggered communication. Even more critical will be the management of the data generated and their interpretation for application purposes. This relates to semantics of data, as well as efficient data handling.
- #43 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #44 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #45 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #46 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #47 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #48 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #49 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #50 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #51 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #52 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #53 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #54 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #55 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #57 The IoT adds the dimension "Any THING communication" to the information and communication technologies (ICTs) which already provide "any TIME" and "any PLACE" communication. “Things” are objects of the physical world (physical things) or of the information world (virtual world) which are capable of being identified and integrated into communication networks. Things have associated information, which can be static and dynamic. Physical things exist in the physical world and are capable of being sensed, actuated and connected. E.g. surrounding environment, industrial robots, goods and electrical equipment. Virtual things exist in the information world and are capable of being stored, processed and accessed. Examples of virtual things include multimedia content and application software.
- #58 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #59 The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to advanced M2M communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making, security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.
- #61 Network Connectivity Key aspects when considering network connectivity: • Range - are you deploying to a single office floor or an entire city? • Data Rate - how much bandwidth do you require? How often does your data change? • Power - is your sensor running on mains or battery? • Frequency - have you considered channel blocking and signal interference? • Security - will your sensors be supporting mission critical applications?
- #63 type of access required will depend on the nature of the application. SIGFOX and LoRa, have been developed and designed solely for machine-type communication (MTC) applications addressing the ultra-low-end sensor segment, with very limited demands on throughput, reliability or QoS.
- #64 eMTC – delivering further LTE enhancements for Machine Type Communications, building on the work that started in Release-12 (UE Cat 0, new power saving mode) NB-IOT - a new radio added to the LTE platform, optimized for the low end of the market EC-GSM-IoT – bringing EGPRS enhancements, which in combination with Power Save Mode (PSM) makes GSM/EDGE systems IoT ready.