Introduction and scope of statistics

INTRODUCTION
AND
SCOPE OF STATISTICS
By:
Mrs.Keerthi Samuel,
Asso.Professor.
Vijay Marie college of Nursing

INTRODUCTION
•Statistics is all related to numbers.An aggregate of numerical facts
is statistics.
•The word statistics is derived from the Italian word statista
meaning political state or government.
•Shakespeare first used the word statist in his drama hamlet
followed by Achenwell who used the word statistic to mean the
political science of different countries.

INTRODUCTION
•Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) was the first nurse statistician
who applied statistics to improve healthcare.
•During Crimean war she used statistical data from British army
files to show that improved sanitary conditions led to fewer military
deaths.
•This statistical evidence persuaded the British government to
introduce field hospitals and provide nursing care to the soldiers.

STATISTICS- DEFINITION
“It is a branch of mathematics dealing with
collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and
presentation of numerical data. Its objective is to
analyze and Interpret information correctly
sukhpal kaur
“It is a field of study concerned with techniques or methods
of collection of data, classification , summarizing, testing the
hypothesis and making recommendations only when a part
of data is used”
Mahajan

BIOSTATISTICS-DEFINITION
“ It is a term used when tools of statistics are applied to the data that is
derived from biological sciences such as medicine”
“ It is a branch of statistics that involves application of statistical science
to research in health related fields including medicine,biology, public
health, nursing and pharmacy.

STATISTICS-USES
• To summarize and present numerical data.
•To examine the relationships (Ex: disease and cause)
•To make predictions (Ex: value of a dependent variable can be predicted on basis of an
independent variable using regression techniques)
•To formulate and to test the hypothesis
•To construct concepts and to develop theories
•To present the information
•To make comparisons and to find similarities and differences

STATISTICS-USES
•To draw conclusions about populations based only on results of sample- often
research is conducted by taking a sample from the whole population. It helps us to
interpret the data for the entire population.
•Well used in epidemiology and public health since these fields are concerned with
communities or populations.
•Medical sciences are based on probability , this probability can be studied in
statistics

STATISTICS-SCOPE IN
NURSING
Anatomy and physiology
Pharmacology
Medicine
Community medicine and
public health

Scope in Nursing-
contd…..
•Anatomy and physiology:
to find out what is normal or healthy in a population and to find limits in normality
in variables such as weight and pulse rate- the mean pulse rate is 72/min but upto
what limits it may be normal on either side of mean has to be established with
certain appropriate techniques.
To find the difference between means and proportions of normal at 2 different
places or in different periods. Ex: the mean height of boys in Gujarat is less than the
mean height in Punjab and if the difference is due to nutrition, natural variation or
anything else has to be decided.
To find correlation between 2 variables like height and weight can be found.

Scope in Nursing-contd…..
•Medicine:
to compare the efficacy of a particular drug, opration or line of treatment- for this
the percentage cured in the experimental and control groups is compared and
difference due to chance or is found by applying statistics.
To find association between 2 attributes (cancer and smoking)
To identify signs and symptoms of a disease.( Cough in typhois is found by chance
unlike fever which is found in all the cases. The proportional incidence of one
symptom or another indicates whether it is a characteristic feature of the disease or
not)

•Pharmacology:
To find out the action of the drug when given to animals and humans to see
whether the change produced are due to the drug or by chance.
To compare the action of two different drugs or two successive dosages of the same
drug.
To find the relative potency of a new drug with respect to a standard drug.

•Community Medicine and Public Health:
To test usefulness of sera and vaccines – percentage of attacks and deaths among
vaccinated and unvaccinated samples to find whether th difference observed is
statistically significant.
In epidemiological studies- role of causative factors is statistically tested. Deficiency
of iodine as an important cause of goiter in a community is only conformed after
comparing the incidence of goiter cases before and after giving the iodised salt.

SCOPE
OF
STATISTICS
IN
OTHER FIELDS

Scope in -OTHER FIELDS
1. Social Sciences
• Man Power Planning
• Crime Rates
• Income & Wealth Analysis of Society
• In studying Pricing, Production, Consumption, Investments & Profits
etc.
2. Planning
• Agriculture
• Industry
• Textiles
• Education etc.For ex. Five Year Plans in India.

Scope in Other Fields contd…..
3. Mathematics:
• Extensive use of Differentiation, Algebra, Trigonometry, Matrices etc in
modern business analysis.
• Statistics now treated as Applied Mathematics.
4. Economics:
• Family Budgeting
• Applied in solving economic problems related to production, consumption,
distribution of products as per income & wealth related patterns, wages,
prices, profits & individual savings, investments, unemployment & poverty
etc.

Scope in Other Fields
contd…..
5. Business Management
• Trend Analysis
• Market Research & Analysis
• Product Life Cycle
I. Marketing
Marketing Policy Decisions depend on forecasting, demand
analysis, time & motion studies, inventory control, investments &
analysis of consumer data for production & sales.

contd…..
ii) Production
• Designs
• Methods of Production
• Technology Selection
• Quality Control Mechanisms
• Product Mix
• Quantities
• Time Schedules for Manufacturing & Distribution

contd…..
iii) Finance
• Correlation Analysis of profits & dividends, assets & liabilities
• Analysis of income & expenditure
• Financial forecasts, break-even analysis, investment &
risk analysis
iv) Sales
• Demand Analysis
• Sales Forecasts

contd…..
v) Personnel
• Wage plans, Incentive plans, Cost of living, Labour turnover ratio,
Employment trends, Accidental Rates, Performance Appraisals etc.
vi) Accounting & Auditing
• Analysis of Income, Expenditure, Investment, Profits and Optimization
of Production etc
• Forecasting costs of production & price
vii) Other Areas
• Insurance, Astronomy, Social Sciences, Medical Sciences, Psychol

Introduction and scope of statistics

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