Harnessing Biogas: Sustainable Energy Practices in Nepal versus Australia. By Sharon McIntosh

Harnessing Biogas: Sustainable Energy Practices in Nepal versus Australia

As an environmental scientist I have had the unique opportunity to conduct my own personal research on methane emissions and energy use in two vastly different regions: Australia and the Chitwan region of Nepal. My experiences in these regions have highlighted the stark contrasts and similarities in their approaches to energy consumption and methane management.

Methane and Energy Use in Australia

Australia is one of the world's largest methane emitters, with nearly four million tonnes of methane produced annually. The primary sources of methane emissions in Australia are agriculture (52%) and fossil fuel mining (25%).[1] Despite signing the Global Methane Pledge to reduce methane emissions by 30% by 2030, Australia still lacks a comprehensive national plan to achieve this goal.[2] The country's energy consumption is heavily reliant on fossil fuels, although there has been a significant push towards renewable energy sources in recent years.[3] However, we are still not fully utilising the outward energy methane can provide in Australia. Why? Red tape and restrictions in legislation that enable methane to be used as an energy source in the Australian energy grid. Given our ever-expanding population, why aren't we prioritising the existing production of methane in Australia and the benefits of biogas, instead of focusing solely on the negatives? While methane is indeed a critical gas contributing to our rapidly changing climate, there are opportunities to harness it as a valuable energy source. By leveraging biogas, we can turn a challenge into a solution, supporting our energy needs sustainably.

Methane and Energy Use in Chitwan, Nepal

In contrast, the Chitwan region of Nepal presents a different energy landscape. The primary sources of energy in Chitwan are fuel-wood, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), biogas, and solar home systems (SHS)[4]. The use of biogas and SHS has been particularly effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, a typical 40 Wp SHS can reduce kerosene consumption by 42 litres annually, displacing 0.11 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per household per year.[5] Methane emissions in Nepal primarily come from enteric fermentation and manure management of livestock, with domestic water buffalo being a significant contributor.[6]

My Experiences

In Australia, I have witnessed the challenges and opportunities in managing methane emissions from large-scale agricultural and fossil fuel operations. The vast landscapes and industrial activities can make it a complex task to monitor and reduce methane emissions effectively. However, the advancements in renewable energy technologies and the increasing awareness among policymakers and the public provide hope for a sustainable future.

In Chitwan, Nepal, I was inspired by the community's commitment to sustainable energy practices. The widespread adoption of biogas and solar home systems has not only reduced greenhouse gas emissions but also improved the quality of life for many households. The integration of traditional and modern energy sources in Chitwan serves as a model for other regions striving for sustainability. In these villages, isolated from electricity, the adoption of alternative energy sources has been somewhat forced. In contrast, the luxury of readily available energy options in countries like Australia can lead to complacency in transitioning to sustainable energy, as there is less immediate necessity to do so.

Conclusion

My experiences in Australia and Chitwan have underscored the importance of tailored approaches to energy use and methane management. While Australia faces the challenge of transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy, Chitwan demonstrates the potential of community-driven sustainable energy solutions. Both regions offer valuable lessons in the global effort to combat climate change and promote environmental sustainability.

[1] Dangerously-overlooked-why-we-need-to-talk-about-methane-report.pdf

[2] Dangerously-overlooked-why-we-need-to-talk-about-methane-report.pdf

[3] Guide to the Australian Energy Statistics

[4] (PDF) Energy consumption pattern and renewable energy alternatives in Madi Kalyanpur, Chitwan, Nepal

[5] (PDF) Energy consumption pattern and renewable energy alternatives in Madi Kalyanpur, Chitwan, Nepal

[6] Methane release from enteric fermentation and manure management of domestic water buffalo in Nepal | Environmental Monitoring and Assessment